56 
MAMMALIA. 
these crests are considerably elevated, and extend laterally to the auricular foramina. Another extends across pi 
the vertex, and then assumes a bifurcal form, as in the Lion, above the forehead in two lateral branches, |,S!, 
which proceed as far as the external side of the upper edge of the orbits. These little crests are decisivelv ] 'jjl 
ma^•ked, and form an equilateral triangle with the upper edge of the orbital foramina. The head is formed 1 ■ . 
like the half of a pyramid, and the auricular foramina are placed so considerably above the palatine bones, , 
that a line let down from the former to the internal edge of the ossa palatina, would form, with a horizontal | 
line, an angle of twenty-five degrees.” It varies to about thirty degrees. { 
All the above modifications have immediate reference to the immense size of the canines, which necessitates a 
proportional developement of the jaws, and the high cranial ridges to furnish attachment to muscles of sufficient 
power to work them. The Ourangs do not cut their huge permanent teeth until nearly full grown.*] ^ I 
In the other Ourangs, the arms descend only to the knees. They have no forehead, and their ijj 
cranium retreats immediately from the crest of the eyebrow. The name of Chimpanzee might be 
exclusively applied to them. 
I Sim. troglodytes, Lin. [Troglodytes niger of others].— Covered with black or brown hair, scanty in front ; [a 
! white marking on the rump]. If the reports of travellers can be relied on, this animal must equal or be superior 
in size to Man. [The skeleton of an adult female in London is considerably smaller.] It inhabits Guinea :||| 
and Congo, lives in troops, constructs huts of branches, arms itself with clubs and stones, and thus repulses ; 
Man and Elephants ; pursues and abducts, it is said, negro womenf, &c. Naturalists have generally confounded it | ' 
with the Ourang-outang. In domestication it is very docile, and readily learns to walk, sit, and eat like a man. > - 
[It is much more a ground animal than the Ourangs, and runs on its lower extremities without difficulty, holding _ ' 
up the arms. Is of a lively and active disposition. The facial angle of the adult about thirty-five degrees. ^ ' 
By the general consent of living naturalists, the Chimpanzee is placed next to Man in the system, preceding - 
the Ourangs, which it exceeds in general approximation to the human form.] J 
From the foregoing groups are now separated i... 
The Gibbons {Hylolates, Illiger), — ir 
Which, together with the long arms of the Ourangs, and the receding forehead of the Chimpanzee, | 
possess [all of them] callosities on the buttocks like the true Monkeys ; differing, however, from the | 
latter in having no tail or cheek -pouches. All of them inhabit the most eastern part of India, and | 
its archipelago. 
The Onko Gibbon {Sim. lar, Lin.)— [This name is now by general consent applied to the next species, the 
present one being distinguished as/f. Rafflesii, Geof.] Black, with white hairs round the face. 
[The Lar Gibbon of Linnaeus {H. lar, Geof.)— Black, with white hands and feet, and a white circle round the 
face. Is identical with H. albimaniis, Vig. and Horsf., and probably with H. variegatus, Kuhl, which seems to 
differ only in colour, being brown where the other is black. 
The Hoolock Gibbon {H. hoolocU, Harlan).— Black, marked with white across the forehead. 
The Coromandel Gibbon {H. choromandus, Ogilby).— Of a dingy pale brown, with black hair and whiskers.] 
The Wou-wou Gibbon {S. agilis, Lin.)— Brown, the circle round the face and lower part of the back, pale 
fulvous [with also some white around the visage]. The young are of a uniform yellowish white. Its agility is 
extreme ; it lives in pairs, and its name Wou-wou is derived from its cry. 
The Gray Gibbon {S. leucisca, Schreb.)— Gray, with dark crown, and white beard and whiskers ; the visage 
black. It lives among the reeds, and climbs up the highest stems of the bamboos, where it balances itself by its 
long arms. 
We might separate from the other Gibbons 
The Siamang {S. syndactyla. Raffles), which has the second and third toes of the hind foot united by a naiTOW 
membrane, the whole length of the first phalanx [a character which now and then occurs in some of the others, 
but in the present species is constant]. It is wholly black, with the chin and eyebrows rufous [and the throat 
bare] ; lives in numerous troops, which are conducted by vigilant and courageous chiefs, which, at sunrise and 
sunset, make the forest resound with frightful cries. Its larynx has a membranous sac connected with it. 
[All the above are mild and gentle animals in domestication, of extremely delicate constitutions when brought 
to our climate]. 
The remaining Monkey-like animals of the ancient continent have the liver divided into several 
the growth of the other parts— that is, the developement of the other 
* It may be remarked generally, that, with the possession of for- 
midable canines, Quadrumana acqviire a consciousness of their efficacy 
as weapons, which renders them impatient of that controul, more par- 
ticularly if based on fear, to which they had previously been sub- 
missive. Chastisement then excites their ire rather than affrights 
them ; and if they cannot gratify their rage, they will pine and die. 
They require, in short, different treatment. An adult male Mandrill, 
which was long exhibited in London, would perform various feats 
indicative of intelligence, if bribed to do so by the offer of its favourite 
beverage. The notion that the species with prominent muzzles are 
therefore loss intelligent, requires modification. The developement 
of brain, in all the Simia, as compared with that of Man, is arrested 
at a particular stage of advancement ; but it does not follow that 
ystems— should cease simultaneously : on the contrary, this proceeds 
to a variable extent in different species, and the projection of the 
muzzle, with its accompaniments, appears to increase in proportion 
to the stature ultimately attained ; so that the adults of the smaller 
species are, in this respect, analogous to partially developed speci- 
mens of the larger, -which correspond in disposition until they acquire 
the strength and armature of which an instinctive knowledge prompts . 
them to resent affronts, and renders them so highly dangerous to j 
tamper with. The Baboons are even remarkable for penetration and , 
quickness of apprehension, however short their temper.— Ed. 
f Very highly improbable. — Ed. 
