66 
MAMMALIA. 
to the Galagos. Likewise, Galceopithecus, whieh Cuvier has placed after the Bats, hut which is 
Lemurine in all the essential details of its conformation.*] 
THE THIRD ORDER OF MAMMALIANS,— 
CARNARIAf,— 
Consists of an immense and varied assemblage of unguiculated quadrupeds, which pos- 
sess, in common with Man and the Quadrumana, the three sorts of teeth, but have no 
opposable thumb to the fore -feet. f They all subsist on animal food, [some Bats ex- 
cepted,] and the more exclusively so, as their grinders are more cutting. Such as 
have them wholly or in part tuberculous, take more or less vegetable nourishment, and 
those in which they are studded with conical points live principally upon insects. The » 
articulation of their lower jaw, directed crosswise, and clasping like a hinge, allows of ! ■ 
no lateral motion, but can only open and shut : [the latter, however, had already been | 
nearly lost in the Lemurs.] jj 
Their brain, though still tolerably convoluted, has no third lobe, and does not cover , 
the cerebellum, any more than in the following families ; the orbit is not separated ! 
from the temporal fossa in the skeleton § ; the skull is narrowed, and the zygomatic i 
arches widened and raised, in order to give more strength and volume to the muscles 
of the jaws. Their predominant sense is that of smell, and the pituitary membrane 
is generally spread over numerous bony laminae. The fore- arm is still capable of re- 
volving in nearly all of them, though with less facility than in the Quadrumana. The 
intestines [save in the frugivorous Bats] are less voluminous, on account of the sub- 
stantial nature of the aliment, and to avoid the putrefaction which flesh would undergo 
in a more extended canal : [besides which, the requisite nutriment is more readily ex- 
tracted from it.] 
As regards the rest, their forms and the details of their organization vary consider- 
ably, and occasion analogous differences in their habits I|, insomuch that it is impossible 
to arrange their genera in a single line ; and we are obliged to form them into several 
families, which are variously connected by multiplied relations. 
* Here, at the end of the Quadrumana, may be appended some in- j 
formation, which unfortunately arrived too late for insertion under 
the generic heads Cercopithecus and Colobus. 
It has just been ascertained, by Mr. Martin, that the Mangabevs 
(^Cercopithecus athiops and fuliginosus, Auct.) possess the additional 
tubercle on the last molar, found in the Macaques, Doucs, &c. ; 
whence the name Cercocebus may now be continued to them ex- 
clusively, as a definite subordinate group, more nearly related to the 
true Monkeys than to the Macaques, notwithstanding the structural 
character adverted to. Their hair, it may be remarked, is not grizzled 
or annulated, as in both the Macaques and Monkeys. 
Of the genus Colobus, a perfect skin of C. leucomeros, Ogilby, has 
been received in Paris, which securely establishes that species. The 
face is encircled with white hair, very long on the sides ; and the tail 
also is white, as in C. ursinus. 
Finally, a notice and figure have been just published of a species 
designated Colobus verus, but which appears to me, both from its con- 
tour and the description (whieh states its hair to be annulated), to be 
a thumbless Cercopithecus, allied to C. Campbellii. The negative 
character of wanting a thumb, only, will not constitute a CofoJius. ! 
-E-- 
t Written Carnassiers by Cuvier. — E d. 
t In one genus of Cheiroptera {Dysopes), the hinder thumbs of some ; 
of the species incline to be opposable ; while the last trace of this ; 
character in the anterior limbs, would seem to be the freedom of th^ 
thumb in the Bats generally, their fingers being all connected byj 
membrane. — E d. 
§ At least not generally : but it is commonly so in the Mangoustes|l 
(Herpestes), smA allied genus Cynictis ; also in Hic Felis planiceps ; 
it is nearly so in the frugivorous Cheiroptera, and, it would seem, inj 
Taphozous among the insectivorous Bats. — E d. 
11 This is a favourite mode of expression of our author; but wel 
have reason rather to transpose the sequency, or, in other words, to S 
regard the habit as neeessitating the particular modifications of struc- 
ture. Thus, on consideration, it will appear, that the productive! 
powers of nature ever exceeding the actual demand for such! 
multiplication, species upon species have been endowed with" 
the necessary organization to aid as successive checks upon 
