CARNARIA. 
77 
been remarked on cutting down the tree to which one was clinging, and seizing it before it could extricate itself 
from the branches. They produce generally two young at a birth ; and their cry resembles the low cackle of a 
Goose.] 
All the other Carnaria have the mammae situated on the belly. 
THE SECOND FAMILY OF CARNARIA,— 
INSECTIVORA,— 
Possess, like the Cheiroptera, grinders beset with conical points, and generally lead a nocturnal 
or subterraneous life : they subsist principally on insects, and in cold countries most of them 
pass the winter in a torpid state. They have no lateral membranes, as in the Cheiroptera j 
but the clavicles are never absent ; their feet are short, and their movements feeble*; the 
mammae are placed under the abdomen, and the penis in a sheath. None of them have a 
coecum, and in running they all place the entire sole of the foot upon the ground. 
They differ in the relative proportions and position of their incisors and canines. 
Some have long incisors in front, followed by other incisors [along the sides of their narrow 
jaws], and canines, all shorter even than the molars; a kind of dentition, of which the Mal- 
mags, among the Quadrumana, have already afforded an example, and which somewhat 
approximates these animals to the Rodents : others have large separated canines, between 
which are placed small incisors, being the ordinary disposition of these teeth both in the Quad- 
rumana and Carnaria ; and these two systems of dental arrangement occur in genera other- 
wise very similar in the character of their teguments, in the form of their limbs, and mode 
of life. 
[It is in this group that we are led to identify the canine tooth as simply the first of the 
false molars, which in some has two fangs ; and, as in the Lemurs, to perceive that the second 
in the lower jaw is in some more analogous in size and character to an ordinary canine, than 
that which follows the incisors. The incisor teeth are never more than six in number, which 
is the maximum throughout placental Mammalia (as opposed to marsupial) ; and, in several 
instances, one or two pairs are deficientf: the canines, with the succeeding false molars, are 
extremely variable J ; but there are ordinarily three tuberculated molars posterior to the repre- 
sentative of the carnivorous or cutting grinder of the true Carnivora. The snout in the 
Insectivora is generally elongated.] 
The Urchins, or Hedgehogs {Erinaceus, Lin.) — 
Have the body covered with prickles instead of hairs. The skin of the back is furnished with such 
muscles that the animal, by inclining its head and feet towards the belly, is enabled to inclose itself as 
in a purse, presenting only its spines towards an enemy. Their tail is very short, and their feet have 
each five toes. They possess on each jaw six incisors, of which the middle are the longest ; and on 
either side three false molars, three bristled true molars, and a small tuberculous tooth. 
I The European Urchin {E. Europ<eus, Lin). — A well known species, common in the woods and hedges. It sub- 
j sists chiefly on insects, but also feeds partly upon fruit, by which at a certain age its teeth become worn : passes 
the winter in its burrow, whence it issues in the spring with an amplitude and complication of its vesicul<e senii- 
nales that is almost incredible. [It produces a variable number of young, sometimes six or seven, which are 
( born with their eyes closed, and, what is remarkable, their ears also : their prickles are then thin, and few in 
number, white, and at first flexile and disposed backward ; but they soon harden on exposure. The adults remain 
concealed till the evening, when they run about in search of prey, with an omnivorous appetite ; they devour 
I ' Toads, and have been known to destroy leverets.] Pallas has noticed as an interesting fact, that the Urchin eats 
hundreds of Cantharides without experiencing any ill effect, whereas a single one produces horrible agony in a 
Dog or Cat. 
[Ten other species are now known, distributed over Asia and Africa, but not Madagascar. Some are of small 
size, and others have the ears considerably enlarged. 
• In Macroschelides, the hind feet are lengthened, and announce 
agility ; while the Banxrings are said to be as lively as a Squirrel. — Ed. 
t The forked incisors of the Shrews appear each to represent two 
teeth ; and the analogues of the inferior central incisors, wanting in 
this genus, appear, in Solenodon and Uyogalea, of small size, between 
the representatives of the long dentelated incisors of Sorex, 
t It should be remarked that a single tooth with two fangs is often 
represented by two separate teeth, each with one fang. 
