i 
CARNARIA. 
91 
lives beyond twenty. Every one is acquainted with its vigilance, bark, singular mode of copulation, and suscepti- 
bility of various kinds of education. 
The Wolf (C. lupus, Lin.)— A large species, with a straight tail ; the most noxious of all the Carnivora of Europe. 
It is found from Egypt to Lapland, and appears to have passed over to America. Towards the north, its coat 
becomes white in winter. It attacks all our animals, but does not evince a courage proportioned to its strength ; it 
often feeds on carrion. Its habits and physical developement are closely related to those of the Dog. Another 
species, the Black Wolf (C. lycaon) is sometimes, though rarely, found in France. The Mexican Wolf (C. mexicanus, 
Lin.) has the under part of the body and the feet white. 
The Red Wolf {C. jubata, Az.)— A fine cinnamon red, with a short black mane along the spine. From the 
marshes of South America. [The beautiful fur of this animal renders it one of the handsomest of the genus.] 
The Jackal (C. aureus, Lin.) [division Vulpicanis, Blainv. and Jacalus, Hodg,] — A voracious species, which 
hunts like the Dog [in packs], and in its conformation and the facility with which it is tamed, resembles the latter 
more nearly than any other wild species. Jackals are found from the Indies and the environs of the Caspian Sea, 
as far as Guinea inclusive ; but it is doubtful whether they all belong to the same species. [There are now several 
well-known species of these animals. The Cams primcevus, Hodg., C. DuMunensis, Sykes, is a large red Jackal, 
or Jackal-like Dog, inhabiting India, and very like the Dingo of Australia.] 
Foxes [Vulpes of some naturalists] may be distinguished from Wolves and Dogs by having the tail 
longer and more bushy [though in this respect there is no drawing the line of separation] , by a more 
pointed muzzle, and pupils which, during the day, form a vertical fissure ; also by their upper incisors 
being less sloping; they emit a foetid odour [scarcely less oflfensive in the Jackals], dig burrows, and 
attack only the weaker animals ; [are also more frugivorous than the preceding.*] This subgenus is 
more numerous than the foregoing. 
The Common Fox {C. vulpes, Lin.)— More or less rufous, with the extremity of the tail [generally] white. Is 
found from Sweden to Egypt, [though many of 
those of the south of Europe appertain to a diffe- 
rent species, C. melanogaster, Savi, which is 
smaller and less carnivorous than the Common 
Fox, and differs somewhat in habit.f There are 
very many others, almost generally diffused over 
the globe. We can only mention] 
The Arctic or Blue Fox, or I satis (C. lag opus, 
Lin.) — Deep ash-colour, often white in winter; 
the under surface of the toes hairy, (though several 
of the Foxes, and even the common one, have hair 
under the feet in the north). From the glacial 
regions of both continents, particularly the north 
of Scandinavia ; is much esteemed for its fur. 
The interior of Africa produces Foxes remarkable for the size of their ears, and the strength of their 
whiskers : they compose the Megalotis, Ilhger. Two are known, the 
C. megalotis, Lalande [Megalotis Lalandi of some authors], a Cape species, somewhat smaller than the Common 
Fox, but higher on its legs ; [especially remarkable for possessing three tuberculous molars posterior to the cutting 
grinder of each jaw : its teeth become much worn with use, whence it would appear to be mainly frugivorous.] And 
The Zerda, or Fennec of Bruce (C. zerda, Gm.), 
which has ears still larger; it is a very small 
species, almost of a whitish fulvous, with woolly 
hair extending beneath the toes ; burrows in the 
sands of Nubia, [and ascends the trunks of trees 
with facility : dentition that of an ordinary Fox.] 
Finally, we may place after the Dogs, as a 
fourth subgenus, distinguished by the num- 
ber of toes, which are four to each foot, 
The Wild Dog of the Cape {Hycena venatica, 
Burch ; H. picta, Tern. [Lycaon picta, Brookes] ), 
which has the dental system of the Dogs [Ci- 
vets, &c.], and not of the Hyaenas ; a tall gaunt 
form ; fur marbled with white, fulvous, grey, 
and blackish; the size of a Wolf, with large 
ears tipped with black, &c. It lives in numerous 
packs, which often approach Cape-town, and de- Fi^. 30.— The Marbled Lycaon. 
vastate the environs. [This remarkable species 
• The common Dog is an eager devonrerof gooseberries, of which | Fox, in the old Greek fables, apply better to C. melanogaster thin to 
it will soon strip the bushes to which it has access. — Ed. 1 C. vulpes. — Ed. 
+ It is remarkable that many of the habits attributed to the ] 
Fig. 2d.— The Black Fox. 
