CARNARIA. 
95 
I below ; the upper carnivorous tooth three-lobed, with a broad heel on its inner side ; the inferior with 
two pointed and cutting lobes, and without any heel : finally, they have only one very small upper 
I tubercular, and no corresponding one in the lower jaw. [These animals creep unawares upon their prey, 
!| and seize it with a sudden spring, in which they expend their energy.] The species are exceedingly 
I numerous, and vary much in size and colour, but they are all nearly similar in structure. We can 
only subdivide them by characters of trivial import, as size, and the length of fur. 
At the head of this genus ranks 
The Lion {Felis leo, Lin.), the most powerful of the beasts of prey ; distinguished by its uniform tawny colour, 
[I the tuft of black hair at the end of the tail, and the flowing mane which clothes the head, neck, and shoulders of 
I the male. Formerly inhabiting the three divisions of the ancient world, it appears to be now confined to Africa, 
I and the neighbouring parts of Asia. Its head is squarer than in the following species. [The Lion is subject to 
considerable variation, chiefly as regards the quantity of mane, and lengthened hair on other parts : those of 
* Guizerat are almost destitute of any ; the Lions of Africa present the greatest quantity, in many of which there is 
I a median line of long hair extending along the belly ; but even these differ one from another : there is also con- 
I siderable difference of physiognomy between the African and Asiatic Lions, and the latter are always paler, and 
i reputed to be less courageous ; but there is no difference of size and apparent strength. Those who distinguish 
I the Lions of Asia and Africa as different species, might change their opinion on seeing the various adults now 
I living in London.] 
j Tigers are large species with short hair, and commonly exhibiting vivid markings. [We may here observe that 
! it is quite impossible to subdivide the genus Felis into definite sections, and that every attempt of this kind 
I hitherto made has consequently proved a complete failure : the transition into the Lynxes is most gradual ; and 
^ the spotless species (as the Lion, Puma, &c.) are marked like the rest when young. Those species, however, 
I which affect the open country, as the Lion and Leopard, have the pupil of the eye contracting to a point ; whereas 
I in those which inhabit forests, as the Tiger and domestic Cat, the pupil closes to a vertical line, permitting thus, 
I when least dilated, of a full range of vision, in the direction in which these animals chiefly watch for prey. A few 
of the more conspicuous may be briefly indicated.] 
The Tiger (F. tigris, Lin.)— As large as the Lion, but with the body longer and head rounder ; of a bright red- 
dish-buff above, with irregular black transverse stripes, and pure white underneath ; [the hair surrounding the 
j head elongated] : the most cruel of quadrupeds, and the scourge of the East Indies. Such are the strength and 
the velocity of its movements, that during the march of an army it has been knovra to seize a soldier while on 
horse-back, and bear him off to the jungle, without affording a chance of rescue. [This species also occurs, 
I sparingly, in northern Asia. Its markings vary much in different individuals.] 
The Jaguar (F. onca, Lin.) of America.— Nearly as large as the preceding, and scarcely less dangerous : it is 
beautifully spotted with rings more or less complete, and containing smaller spots [on a deeper ground-tint : the 
space included within the annulations of all the spotted Cats being deeper coloured than the rest of the body.] 
Black individuals sometimes occur, which have the spots more intense, and visible only at particular angles, 
[the fur of the spots differing in texture : the same has been observed of the Tiger and Leopard, and albino 
j individuals of the former have likewise been noticed. Jaguars also differ much one from another]. 
The Panther (F. pardus, Lin. : Pardalis of the ancients.)— [Covered with annular series of irregular small spots.] 
It is widely spread over Africa, the hottest region of Asia, and also the Indian archipelago. 
The Leopard (F. leopardus, Lin.) — [Very like the 
Panther, but with the markings less broken into 
small spots : it varies, however, considerably, and 
the two sides of the same animal do not always 
resemble : from Asia and Africa.] These two spe- 
cies are smaller than the American Jaguar [and 
are very doubtfully separable from each other. 
The Ounce of Buffon (F. uncia, Gm.) is a long- 
haired mountain Cat, as large as a Leopard, with 
tail longer than the body : also similarly spotted, 
but more obscurely, and on a paler ground-tint. 
It inhabits the Asiatic mountains, and a fine spe- 
cimen of it has lately been deposited in the British 
Museum. 
Of the other spotted Cats, may be mentioned 
the F. chalybeata, Herm., from the north of India ; 
and F. viverrina, Ben., from Sumatra * ; also the 
Rymau-dyan (Fig. 33), or gigantic Tiger-cat of 
Sumatra (F. macroscelis), and the nearly allied but 
smaller Marbled Cat (F. marmorata), from the 
same locality, which are remarkable for length of 
tail. The Ocelot of South America (F. pardalis, 
* Notwithstanding' its name, this species presents no real approach to Fiverra : its cranium, for instance, being strictly that of a Felis. 
Fig. 33. — Tiger-cat of Sumatra. 
