132 
MAMMALIA. 
They are naturally stupid and feroeious ; frequent marshy plaees ; subsist on herbage and the branches 
of trees ; have a simple stomach, very long intestines, and great coecum. 
The Indian Rhinoceros {Rh. indicus, Cuv.).— Tn addition to its twenty-eight grinders, this species has two stout 
incisive teeth in each jaw, together with two other intermediate smaller ones below, and two still more diminutive 
outside of its upper incisors. It has only one horn, and its skin is remarkable for the deep folds into which it is 
thi-own behind and across the shoulders, and before and across the thighs. It inhabits the East Indies, and 
chiefly beyond the Ganges. 
The Javanese Rhinoceros {RTi.javanus, Cuv.), — with the great incisors and single horn of the preceding, has 
fewer folds in the skin, though one of them on the neck is larger ; and, what is remarkable, the entire skin is 
covered with square angular tubercles, [as is also the case, to a partial extent, in the preceding ; from which it 
further dilfers in having a comparatively slender head]. 
The Sumatran Rhinoceros {Rh. sumatrensis, Cuv.),— with the same four great incisors as the foregoing, has no 
folds to the skin, which is besides hairy, and there is a second horn behind the first. 
The African Rhinoceros {Rh. africanus, Cuv.) [or rather Rhinoceroses, three species of them being now ascer- 
tained]. — Two horns as in the preceding ; and no folds of the skin, nor any incisor teeth, the molars occupying 
nearly the whole length of the jaw. This deficiency of incisors might warrant a separation from the others. [The 
Great Rhinoceros {RJi. simus, Burchell), which considerably exceeds in size any of the others, is further distin- 
guished by its pale colour, its very long and straight anterior horn, and remarkably short hind one, and particu- 
larly by the form of its upper lip, which is not capable of elongation, and a certain degree of prehension, as in all 
the others : it is the most gregarious of any, and also the most inoffensive, frequenting the open karoos. The 
common Cape Rhinoceros {Rh. africanus or capensis) is darker, with also unequal horns, the posterior being 
shorter ; and the Ketloa Rhinoceros {Rh. hetloa), recently discovered by Dr. Smith, is an animal of solitary habits, 
with horns of equal length, reputed to exceed the rest in ferocity.*] 
There have been found, under ground, in Siberia and different parts of Germany, the bones of a double-horned 
Rhinoceros, the skull of which, besides being much more elongated than in any known existing species, is further 
distinguished by a bony vertical partition that supported the bones of the nose. It is an extinct animal ; but of 
which a carcase, almost entire, exposed by the thawing of the ice on the banks of the Vilhoui in Siberia, showed ’ 
to have been covered with tolerably thick hair. It is possible, therefore, that it inhabited northern climates, like 
the fossil Elephant. 
More recently there have been disinterred, in Tuscany and Lombardy, other Rhinoceros bones, which appear 
to have belonged to a species allied to the African. Some have been found, in Germany, with incisors like the 
Asiatic species ; and lastly, there have been discovered, in France, the bones of one which announce a size scarcely 
larger than a Pig. [It appears that several of the fossil species were destitute of the nasal horn.] 
The Damans {Hyrax, Hermann) — ■ 
Were long placed among the Rodentia, on account of their very small size ; hut, on examining 
them carefully, it wiU he found that, excepting the horn, they are little else than Rhinoceroses in 
miniature ; at least they have quite similar molars ; hut the upper jaw has two stout incisors curved 
downwards, and, during youth, two very small canines ; the inferior four incisors, without any 
canines. They have four toes to each of their fore-feet, and three to the hind-feet, all, excepting the 
innermost posterior, which is armed with a crooked and oblique nail, terminated by a kind of very small, 
thin, and rounded hoof. The muzzle and ears are short : they are covered with hair, and have only 
a tubercle in place of a tail. The stomach is divided into two sacs ; their coecum is very large, and the 
colon has several dilatations, and is also furnished with two appendages about the middle, analogous to 
the two coeca of birds. 
Only one species is known, the size of a Rabbit, and greyish : it is not uncommon in rocky places throughout 
Africa, where it is much preyed on by rapacious birds, and it also appears to inhabit some parts of Asia ; at 
least we cannot perceive any certain difference between the Hyrax capensis and H. syriacus, [Five, if not six, are 
now conclusively established ; one of which, indigenous to South Africa, even ascends trees.] 
The Pal^otherium, Cuv. — 
Is another lost genus : with the same grinders as the two preceding, six incisors and two canines to 
each jaw as in the Tapirs, and three visible toes to each foot, it combined a short fleshy trunk, for the 
muscles of which the bones of the nose were shortened, leaving a deep notch underneath. We have 
discovered the hones of this genus, mingled with those of the Anoplotherium, in the gypsum quarries 
in the environs of Paris, and they occur in several other parts of France ; [also, with those of the 
Choeropotanms, Dichobune, &c., other lost genera of Pachydermata, in the Binstead quarries of the 
Isle of Wight, England]. 
* Previous to discovering' this species, a fine specimen of which is 
deposited in the Britisli Museum, Dr.Smith received information, from 
the natives, of the existence of five sorts of these animals in South 
Africa, which are distinguished there by separate names : one of them 
is stated to have only a single horn. — E d. ; , ; 
