I 
MAMMALIA. 
151 
The Lemuria are mostly distinguished by a vulpine muzzle, with separated incisors in the upper jaw, those of 
the lower directed horizontally forward, as are also the inferior canines, which the author reckoned as a third pair 
of incisors. Their cheek-teeth are often sharply tuberculated ; and the doubling down of the ears in some, the 
character of the fur, the particular structure of the female reproductive organs, noctui'nal habits, and a variety of 
other characters, forcibly recall to mind the insectivorous Bats. Among them, the genus Cheirogaleus is remark- 
able for the total absence of superior canines ; and that of Cheiromys for having rodent canines, which pass 
through the intermaxillary bones, and supply the place of incisors, which are altogether wanting. 
The Cheiroptera have never more than four incisors to the upper jaw, but commonly six below, which is the 
normal complement. Amongst their less obvious distinctive characters from the other Primates, may be mentioned 
the constant absence of any coecum, and the presence of a small os penis within the plans, but different from that 
of ordinary occurrence among the Secundates. They are born with their eyes closed. Following the fancy of 
Linnaeus in applying the name Lemur to the preceding group, we propose to designate the two principal divisions 
of Cheiroptera,— Harpydia and Spectra, which, in various respects, are analogous to the Anthropida and Lemuria. 
The Harpydia have blunt molars, an extremely elongated stomach, and long intestines ; also a sonorous voice, 
and most usually a claw to the fore-finger. Though stated to feed, in some instances, partly on insects, we have 
reason to believe (from recent observation of a living animal, which invariably rejects all insect-food that is offered 
to it,) that they are exclusively frugivorous. All are peculiar to the eastern hemisphere. 
The Spectra have a globular stomach, short intestines, and sharp tubercles to the molars, except in the very 
extraordinary genus Desmodus, which, for reasons connected with its habits, has no true molars whatever. They 
have a clicking voice, and no claw to the fore-finger, &c. 
The second sub-order of Typodontia, or the Fer<e, or Secundates, subdivides into the obvious groups Carnivora 
and Insectivora of Cuvier; but as these names are equally applicable to Marsupial genera, and therefore particu- 
larly liable to mislead, by inducing the erroneous supposition that they apply to all carnivorous and insecti- 
vorous Mammalia respectively, in which significant general sense they might still be employed with con- 
venience, just as the analogous terms Herhivora and Frugivora are at present, we believe that they might 
advantageously be disused in their restricted and forced meaning, to be superseded by names of more special 
application. We therefore venture to designate them Cynodia and Ecanina. It is in this division that the four 
different sorts of teeth assume their most distinctive characters, as it is unnecessary to dwell upon. The incisors 
are rarely less than six in number, in either jaw. 
In the Cynodia, the canines are always present, both above and below, and are invariably strongly characterized 
as such ; and the incisors form a transverse range, the outer pair, more particularly those above, being always 
largest, and the medial smallest. They fall into four subtribes, viz., Digitigrada, Subplantigrada, Plantigrada, and 
Pinnigrada; the first and last of which are constantly furnished with a coecum, which does not occur in the others. 
The Digitigrada are not always digitigrade, but the term need not on this account be altered. We adopt the 
group as instituted by Cuvier, detaching only the first leading subdivision, or that of the Weasels and allied genera. 
The Subplantigrada have never more than one true molar above, and another below, which vary exceedingly in 
developement, in an inverse ratio to the carnassier, or scissor-tooth, — the Weasels and Badgers exhibiting the 
extremes. The great and small intestines scarcely differ in calibre ; and all, unless the Otters constitute an excep- 
tion, can diffuse at will a disgusting stench. None of them fall into a torpid state during the winter, like the northern 
Plantigrada. Their hind feet are always semi-plantigrade, but none of them bring the heel quite to the ground. 
The Plantigrada have constantly two pairs of true molars in each jaw, which likewise vary exceedingly in de- 
velopement, and in an inverse ratio to the scissor-teeth, which in the Bears are reduced to their minimum 
throughout the Cynodia. In their plantigrade gait, and generally naked sole (not naked by friction merely, as in 
the Badgers), their tendency to torpor during severe weather, and a variety of other particulars, a direct affi- 
nity to the Insectivora, Cuv., is very apparent ; and the Raccoons among them are further remarkable for the 
entire separation, and a certain amount of prehensibility of the toes, which last enables them to clasp small objects 
in a manner observed in no other Secundates, — the rest of the Cynodia having a membrane more or less developed 
between the toes. The skull of the Bears exhibits various tokens of affinity with the next group. 
The Pinnigrada, or Seals, correspond to the Amphibia of Cuvier, and are remarkable for the similarity of their 
true and false molars ; the former of which, however, in no instance, exceed the typical number. 
The Ecanina, or second and abnormal subtribe of Secundates (being the Insectivora, Cuv.), have an attenuated 
muzzle, and mostly separated incisors that face laterally, the medial or foremost being always largest, as in the Pri- 
mates; no true upper canines, but very commonly an enlarged false molar with two fangs, that presents the appear- 
ance and performs the office of a canine, the lower canines being always present (unless in the Shrews), but commonly 
very small, and hence ranked as a fourth pair of incisors. They have generally three true molars, both above and be- 
low, and always perfect clavicles, which is the case in no species of Cynodia. The genera Macroschelides and Tupaia 
alone possess a coecum ; and the Shrews, which have no incisors, nor even intermaxillary bones that should contain the 
upper ones, are remarkable for possessing two very curious front teeth, which we suspect are modified false molars. 
We shall offer no further remarks on the Isodontia, or Cetacea ordinaria of Cuvier, than to observe, that 
the Narwhal alone among them possesses other than false molars. 
The Diplodontia, or normal order of the great phytophagous type, divides first into Brochata and Ungulata, 
the names of which require to be admitted with some reservation, though certainly not with more than — nor indeed 
so much as — Edentata of Cuvier. They have always a voluminous coecum, with the single, and consequently 
very remarkable, exception of the small Dormouse group. 
The Brochata have ordinarily (at least the three first principal divisions of them) permanently growing canines, 
which either pass through the intermaxillaries, as in the Elephants and Rodents— their nutriment, how- 
