188 AVES. 
the entire anatomy of which is widely different] ; but it resembles the other in all the rest of its conformation, 
and particularly by its naked spaces on the sides of the head. Of all birds, this one is said to imitate most com- 
pletely the language of Man. ' 
Nothing can be more perplexing to systematists than the diversity in the form of bill observable in birds other- « 
wise so nearly allied. [It intimates, with a variety of other circumstances, that naturalists have attached undue 
importance to the character thence derivable, in tracing the affinities of these animals. The fact is, that the Pas- 
serince contain two principal centres of radiation,— the genera Turdus and Corvus, — together with several of 
subordinate importance, each of which may exhibit modifications suited for any mode of life, as fly-catching^ f 
nectar -sucking, &c. : those species analogously modified upon different of these types, however, having no imme- 
diate physiological relationship for each other, such as is evinced by genera really connected by affinity, how- 
ever differently modified, in their changes of plumage, system of coloration, eggs, &c., all of which require to be 
taken much more into consideration than has hitherto been the practice, if these birds are to be classified in 
accordance with their true natural affinities. One great help to a sound arrangement is afforded by the geogra- 
phical distribution of forms ; another by the nestling plumage, as stated on a former occasion ; and a third, 
judiciously and not inconsiderately followed, by the style and character of the colouring and structure of the fea- 
thers, which are worthy of particular attention. Habit is the most deceptive guide of any, but should nevertheless 
be duly kept in view]. 
The Grackles {Graculus, Cuv. ; Cridotheres, Vieillot) — 
Constitute another genus allied to the Thrushes [or rather to the Starlings], the species of which 
inhabit Africa and the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean. Their beak is compressed, very 
slightly arcuated and notched, its commissure forming an angle as in the Starlings. The feathers on 
the head are nearly always narrow, and there is a naked space round the eye. Their habits are those j 
of the Starlings, like which they fly in large flocks, and pursue insects. 
One species appears occasionally in Europe, the Rose Ouzel {Pastor roseus, Meyer), [which is sufficiently dis- 
tinct from the true Grackles]. It is of a shining black, with the back, rump, scapulars, and under-parts, rose- 
coloured ; the coronal feathers narrow, and lengthened into a pendent crest. This bird is of great service in warm 
countries, by destroying Grasshoppers. 
Another species, Paradisceus tristis, Gm., has become celebrated for similar services rendered to the Isle of 
France. It is however a very general feeder, nestles in palm-trees, and is extremely docile. Its size is that- of a 
Blackbird, and colour brown, blackish on the head ; a spot near the tip of the wing, lower part of the abdomen, 
and tips of the lateral tail-feathers, white. There are numerous others. Linnaeus and his followers brought i 
together most discordant species under the appellation Gracula. 
The Manorrhines (Manorrhinus, Vieillot) — 
Have the beak very much compressed, only slightly arcuated, and feebly notched ; the nostrils large, 
but in great part closed by a membrane, which leaves only a narrow slit; neck short. The frontal i 
feathers, which are soft like those of young birds, are partly reflected over the nostrils. 
M. viridis, Vieillot, Gal. 149. 
The Chocards {Pyrrhocorax, Cuv.) — i : 
Have the compressed, arched, and emarginated bill of the Thrushes, but their nostrils are covered by ’ 
incumbent feathers, as in the Crows, from which they were long undistinguished. 
We have one the size of a Daw, the Alpine C^ocard {Corvus pyrrhocorax, Lin.), entirely black, with a yeUow 
bill, the feet brown at first, then yellow, and finally red, which nestles in the clefts of rocks in the highest moun- 
tains, whence, in winter, it descends in great flocks into the valleys. It feeds on insects, snails, and likewise on 
fruit and grain, and does not reject carrion : [is simply a modifiod Crow, nearly allied to the Choughs]. 
Another, in India {Pyr. hexanemus, Cuv.), is distinguished by three barbless shafts, as long as the body, which 
grow on each side among the feathers which cover the ear. 
I can find no sufficient character by which to separate from the Thrush group 
The Orioles {Oriolus, Lin.), — 
Wherein the beak, otherwise resembling that of the Thrushes, is merely a httle stouter, the legs also 
being rather shorter, and the wings proportionally longer. Linnaeus and several of his successors 
confounded them with the Cassicans, which they merely resemble in colour. 
The European Oriole (0. galhula, Lin.), is somewhat larger than a Blackbird. The male is of a bright yellow, 
with the wings, tail, and a spot behind each eye, black, the tip of the tail yellow ; but during the two first years 
he retains the permanent colouring of the female, wherein the yellow is replaced by olive-green, and the black by 
brown. This bird suspends its skilfully-constructed nest to the branches of trees, feeds on cherries and other 
fruit, and during spring on insects. It is timorous, remains in France only for a short time in summer, and | 
travels in pairs, or three together. [In accordance with its migratory habits, it has longer wings than any of its 
numerous congeners.] 
