AVES. 
194 
are short ; and their general proportions occasioned them to be long regarded as allied to the I’its 
At their head, but as a separate subdivision, should be placed 
Which are large birds, and have a double vertical crest on the head, composed of featliers disposed 
longitudinally like a fan. 
The adult males of the two species, both from America {Pip. rupicola, Gm., and P. peruviana, Lath.),— are of a 
delicate rich orange colour, while the young are dull brown. They live on fruits, and scratch the ground like a 
common Fowl, construct their nests with wood in the depths of caverns, the female laying two eggs. 
Merely differ from the preceding in the head-feathers not being disposed like a fan. 
There is a species, not larger than a Thrush, in the Indian Archipelago, the colour of which is intensely brilliant 
emerald-green. 
large troops. 
[All are American, and they obviously pertain to the great Cotinga family, as do also the Rock-manakins.] 
Tyrants, is exceedingly wide and depressed, its base being w^ider even than the forehead. 
These birds inhabit the Indian Archipelago, and have a black ground-colour, relieved by vivid colours ; they 
have much the air of the Barbets, a genus of a very different order. Frequent watery situations, and feed on 
insects [and also berries]. 
Compose a family numerically small, but very distinct from all others in the beak, which is 
short, broad, horizontally depressed, slightly hooked, unemarginated, and very deeply cleft, 
so that the opening of the mouth is extremely wide, and suited for swallowing insects, which 
are sought for on the wing. 
The tribe of Flycatchers is that to which they are most nearly allied, and especially the 
genus Procnias, the beak of which only differs in its emargination. 
of flight. We distinguish among them i 
The Swifts {Cypselus, Illiger), — - 
Which, of all birds, have proportionally the longest wings, and fly with the greatest rapidity. [The , 
Humming-birds will bear comparison, if not the ; 
pelagic Tachypete.] Their tail is forked, [and con- 
sists of ten feathers only] ; their extremely short i 
feet have a very peculiar character, the thumb 
the length of their wings, disables them from rising from a plane surface. Hence they pass their time 
The Rock-manakins {Rupicola, Brisson), — 
The Emerald-manakins {Calyptomena, Horsf.) — 
The True Manakins {Pipra, Cuv.) — 
Are diminutive birds, generally remarkable for their vivid colours. They inhabit humid forests in 
The Eurylaimes {Eurylaimus, Horsf.) — 
Have feet similar to those of the Manakins and Rock-manakins ; but their beak, as strong as in the 
The Fissirostres, — 
Their regimen, exclusively insectivorous [in the generality of instances], renders them 
eminently birds of passage, which quit Europe in winter. They separate into diurnal and 
nocturnal, like the Birds of Prey. 
The Swallows {Hirundo, Lin.) — 
Are diurnal species remarkable for their close plumage, the extreme length of their wings, and rapidity 
The shortness of the humerus, the breadth of 
its apophyses, the oval fourchette [devoid of any 
medial appendage], the sternum (fig. 92), destitute 
of posterior emarginations, — indicate, even in the y || 
being directed forward almost as much as the 
other toes, and the middle and outer toes having 
each but three phalanges, like the inner one. 
Fig. 92.— Sternum of Swift. 
