202 
AVES. 
very short over the rump]. They are birds of Africa and India, which climb somewhat in the manner of 
Parrots, live in troops, and even breed in society, constructing numerous nests in the same bushes ; 
lastly, they sleep suspended to a branch, with the head downward, many of them together, and subsist 
on fruits [the buds of trees, and tender sprouts of vegetables. 
These very curious birds are closely allied by affinity to the Plantain-eaters and Touracos, and have no especial 
character of the Passerirue. They sail from bush to bush in a long row one after another, alighting always near 
the ground, and clambering to the topmost twig with the assistance of the beak and long stiff tail, picking off the , 
buds or berries ; and do not pass to the next until the whole flock are ready, when they again sail in the same 
regular succession. They are very mischievous in gardens in the Cape colony, devouring the young plants of 
vegetables as fast as they spring up; and are there known by the term Muys-vogel, or “ Mouse-bird their cry 
is monotonous, (having but one pair of vocal muscles,) and in the largest species closely resembles the bleating of 
a lamb. They constitute the ordinary food of several species of Birds of Prey, and have remarkably heavy, massive 
bodies, for their apparent size, the plumage lying flat and close]. 
Here also should be placed 
The Oxpeckers {Buphaga, Brisson), — 
A small genus, wherein the beak, of medium length, is first cylindrical, both mandibles bulging 
towards the end, which terminates obtusely. They employ it to compress the skin of cattle, in order 
to force out the larvae of (Estridm lodged wfithin it, upon w'hich they feed. [The claws are accordingly! ,|- 
extraordinarily sharp, to enable them to cling while so occupied. 1 r 
Two species are now known, both from South Africa : they strictly pertain to the Starling family, and have no'f> if 
sort of relationship with the Honeyguides (near which some systematists place them), being true Passerin<^J] | 
The Cassicans {Cassicus, Cuv.) — ' f 
Have a large beak, exactly conical, thick at the base, and singularly sharp at the point ; small round^.^ 
nostrils pierced at its sides ; the commissure of the mandibles forming a broken line, or an angle as intii 
the Starlings. They are American birds, with manners approaching those of our Starlings, [at least “l! 
some instances,] frequently construct their nests close together, and sometimes with much art. Theyi p 
subsist on insects and grain, and the numerous flocks of them commit great ravages in the cultivated! 
districts. I 
We subdivide them into S 
The Cassicans, properly so called, (Cassicus, as restricted), 4 ' 
Wherein the beak mounts upon the forehead, encroaching circularly on the plumage. The largestl'l 
species are included in this group. 
[Some are very superior songsters, and rival the Mocking-bird m mimicry.] ^ , 
The Baltimores {Icterus, Cuv.) — ■ « 
Have the beak arcuated throughout its length, and forming only a pointed notch on the forehead. ;[ 
[This name is now generally applied to the Baltimore-birds of North America, with some proximate species from j ii 
the southern continent. They do not congregate, and build an elegant pensile nest, as do also the preceding.^ 
The males are several years attaining their mature colouring.] w| 
The Troopials {Xanthornus, Cuv.) «|| 
Only differ from the last in having the beak straight. ,1 ' 
"I- |l 
[Certain of these, the true Troopials (Aglaius, Swainson), have a comparatively short beak, thick at the base.j|r 
Their habits are those of the Starlings, and they are exceedingly destructive in the maize plantations : they breed^ || 
in small societies, sometimes on or near the ground, and where opportunities occur, in the interstices of the^ fl 
massive nests of the Osprey ; it is said that the proportions of the sexes in these little communities are very irre- :^ I 
gular, which would intimate that they do not pair*; a circumstance the less unlikely, from their close affinity to^^ ^ 
the next, or ^ : 
The Molothrahs {MolotJirus, Swainson) ; of which two species are now known, both parasitic in their mode of 1 1 
propagation, depositing their eggs in the nests of other birds, like the Cuckoo of Europe : these certainly do not I 
mate. They are distinguished by a still shorter bill, and differ little in their habits from the Troopials. ) 
Several other natural subdivisions have been instituted, of which the Bobalinks, or Rice-birds, have been already | 
noticed (p. 199). The Chewinks (P«joz7o, Vieillot,) with a bulging sparrow-like bill, pertain to the same group ; 
and there are others which approximate the Crows, as the divisions Quiscalus, Scolephagus, & lc ., and even the ^ ii 
Larks, as Sturnella, Swainson, the members of which have the beak obtusely pointed, like the true Starlings, andw| 
are nearly related to the Bobalinks]. | ^ 
