CHELONIA. 
269 
The Saurians (or Lizards), which have a heart with two auricles, and the body of 
which, borne on four or two feet, is covered with scales. 
The Ofhidians (or Serpents), having a heart with two auricles, and the body of 
which is always deprived of feet. And 
The Batrachians, the heart of which has only one auricle ; [Prof. Owen has 
shown that these also possess twoj ; and which have a naked body, that in the greater 
number passes, with age, from the form of a Fish respiring by gills, to that of a 
Quadruped breathing by lungs. Some of them, however, never cast their gills ; and 
there are certain species which have only two feet. 
Other authors, as Merrem, have made a different partition of the Saurians and 
Ophidians. They detach the Crocodiles to form an order \_Loricata\ by themselves, 
and place the rest of the Saurians with the first family of Ophidians (or that of the 
Orvets), which mode of distribution is founded on certain peculiarities of the organiza- 
tion of the Crocodiles, and upon a certain affinity of the Orvets for the Lizards. We 
have deemed it sufficient to indicate these affinities, which are nearly all internal, 
adopting, nevertheless, a division of more easy application. [In consequence, how- 
ever, of rejecting this obvious natural arrangement, the Ophidians and Saurians of 
our author grade into each other ; whereas the more intrinsical characters remain 
inviolate, and indicate three natural groups of Loricata, Saurophidia, and Ophidia.'] 
THE FIRST ORDER OF REPTILES,— 
CHELONIA,— 
Better known by the appellation of Tortoises [Testudinata], have a heart with two auricles, 
and a ventricle with two unequal chambers, which communicate together. The blood from 
the body enters the right auricle, and that from the lung the left ; but the two streams mingle 
more or less in passing through the ventricle. 
These animals are distinguished, at the first glance, by the double buckler in which their 
body is inclosed, and which only allows the head and neck, the tail, and the four limbs, to be 
protruded. 
The upper buckler, termed the carapace or shield, is formed by the ribs, in number eight 
pairs, which are widened and joined together, and also to the plates adhering to the annular 
portion of the dorsal vertebrae, by dentelated sutures, so that the whole is completely deprived of 
mobility. The inferior buckler, named the plastron or breast-plate, is formed of pieces which 
represent the sternum, and which are ordinarily nine in number. A frame- work composed of 
bony pieces, which are believed to have some analogy to the sternal or cartilaginous portion 
of ribs, and which in one subgenus even remains cartilaginous, surrounds the carapace, and 
unites all the ribs which compose it. The cervical and caudal vertebrse are alone moveable. 
These two bony envelopes are immediately covered by the skin, or by scales ; the scapula, 
and all the muscles of the arm and neck, instead of being attached to the ribs and spine, as 
m other animals, are all underneath, as are also even the bones of the pelvis and all the muscles of 
the thigh ; so that, in this respect, a Tortoise may be regarded as an animal turned inside-out. 
The vertebral extremity of the blade-bone is articulated to the carapace ; and its opposite 
extremity, which may be considered as analogous to a clavicle, is articulated to the breast- 
plate ; so that the two shoulders form a ring, through which pass the oesophagus and traehea. 
