13RANCHI0P0DA. 
439 
Fi(T. IS.— Cypris 
vidua, magnified. 
ately beneath, are shorter than the body, setaceous, and 8 or 9-jointed ; the terminal joints short, and pencilled 
w ith long; hairs, form a kind of oar. The mouth is composed of a ridged labium ; two large dentate and palpi- 
gerous mandibles, the basal joint of the palpi being furnished with a 5-branched branchia ; 
tw'O pairs of maxillae, the anterior pair also bearing branchial appendages, and the posterior 
palpigerous. The office of the lower lip is performed by a compressed sternum. The legs 
are 5-jointed ; the two anterior much larger than the others ; affixed beneath the antennae, 
and directed forwards. The two following legs are directed backwards, and are situated in the 
middle of the under-side of the body; but the posterior pair never appear out of the shell, but 
are bent upwards to give support to the ovaries. The body presents no distinct articulation, 
and is terminated behind in a tail folded beneath the breast, with two setaceous or conical fila- 
ments. The eggs are spherical. 
The laying of the eggs and the casting of the skins of these Crustacea are not less numerous than those of 
Cyclops and other Entomostraca, and their mode of life is similar. No recent author has been able to detect their 
sexual organs. Strauss, indeed, discovered the insertion of a great conical vessel, which he considered to be a 
testicle ; but the individuals which he examined were furnished with ovaries, whence it would seem that the 
Cyprides are hermaphrodites. He, however, observed, in disproof of this opinion, that the males may probably 
exist at a certain period of the year, and that the vessel he describes may belong to the digestive system. 
According to Jurine, the antennae are real fins or paddles, the animals having the power of extending the threads 
at will, and according to the rapidity with which they are anxious to swim. We also are of opinion that these 
filaments may more probably be engaged in respiration, as well as the so-called branchial plates of the jaws. In- 
deed, the plates of the maxillae appear to me to be a real, but greatly dilated palpus ; and the other two are ap- 
pendages of the mandibular palpi. Jurine has noticed, that, in swimming, they move these antennae, and two 
fore-legs, with rapidity, but slowly whilst crawling on water plants. This pair^f legs, together with those of the 
penultimate pair, at such times support the body. He supposes that those legs, which he regards as the second 
pair, serve to form a current in the water, and to direct it towards the mouth. The two filaments composing the 
tail unite, and seem to form but one when pushed out of the shell. It is conjectured that they are used in clean- 
ing the interior of the shell. The female lays her eggs in a mass, fixing them, with a glutinous secretion, to 
water-plants : this occupation lasts twelve hours. The number of eggs, in the largest species, amounts to twenty- 
four. Having isolated a packet of eggs, Jurine observed them hatch, and obtained a second generation without 
the intervention of males. A female which had laid its eggs on the 12th April, had, by the 18th of the following 
May, changed its skin six times. On the 27th of the same month, it laid a second mass of eggs ; and on the 29th, 
two days afterwards, a third. He therefore concluded that the number of moultings, in the infancy of these ani- 
mals, has reference to the gradual developement of the individual, which developement can only be effected by a 
general separation of the envelope, now become too small to lodge the animal, which has a determinate limit to 
its size.* 
[Mr. W. Baird has given a valuable and complete memoir upon this genus in the Magazine of Zoology and 
Botany, vols. i. and ii., describing a considerable number of new British species. He also states that a fossil 
species occurs in the limestone of Burdiehouse Quarry, near Edinburgh.] 
The third general division of the Branchiopodous Lophyropa have also only one eye ; and the shell 
is bent in two, hut without any dorsal hinge, and is terminated posteriorly in a point. The head is not 
covered by the shell, but is inclosed in a kind of shield like a beak. They have two very large arrn- 
like branched antennse, always exserted, and serving as oars. The legs, ten in number, are terminated 
by a pectinated or digitated fin, and furnished (except the anterior pair) with a branchial plate. The 
eggs are situated beneath the back. The body is always terminated by a tail, with two setae at the 
tip. The front of the body either terminates in a point, or forms an apparently distinct head, occupied 
entirely by a single large eye. 
These are our Cladocera, or the Daphnides of Strauss, and compose Jurine’s second family of 
Monocidus. From the form of a pair of their antennae, which resemble branches, and serve as oars, 
and their power of leaping, the common species has obtained the name of the Arborescent Water-flea. 
Latona, Strauss, lias the antennae oar-like, divided into three single-jointed branches. Daplmia setifera, Muller. 
Sida, Strauss, approaches the other known genera in respect to the antennae, which are, however, divided only 
into two branches, one being 2-jointed and the other 3-jointed. Daplmia cristalUna, Muller. 
In these and the other genera, there also exists another pair of antennae, very short, especially in the females, 
situated at the anterior and lower extremity of the head, composed of a single joint, with one or two setae at 
the tip. 
Polyphemus, Muller, has the antennae oar-like, as in Daphnia and Lynceus, divided into two branches, each of 
which is 5-jointed. Moreover, the head, very distinct and rounded, and affixed upon a short neck, is almost 
entirely occupied by a single eye of large size. The legs are entirely exposed. A single species only is known 
(Monocidus 2 }sdiculus,\Axm., He Geer; Polyphemus ocwhcAr, Muller; Cephaloculus stagnorum, Lamarck), [about 
the size of a flea.] The legs are unlike those of the Monoculi of this division, being composed of a thigh, tibia. 
* See Muller; Jurine, Hist, dcs ilunocles, 2nd division ; Uaindohr, 
Mon. iv. ; Strauss, Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 7. i. ; Desmare.st, 
siderations ; and Crust. Fussiles, in whieh latter work is figuretl a 
fossil species named “ Cypris fftve,’’ found in great abundance near 
the mountain of Gergovia, in tlie departement du Puy-de l)6me, below 
Vieby-des-Bains and Cussac. 
