PULMONARIA 
459 
the former have a slig'ht dilatation on the outside, the latter is trian^lar : the two upper spinnerets are long ; but, 
according to L. Dufour, instead of the two intermediate spinnerets there are two comb-shaped valves,— but I have 
distinctly seen in a well-preserved specimen six spinnerets, the two superior being the largest, and four others 
very small : the anus on each side is furnished with a pencil of retractile hairs, which L. Dufour has called comb- 
shaped valves, and which are distinct from the intermediate spinnerets. 
The only species, Ur. 5-maculata, Dufour {Cl. Durandi, Latr.), is about half an inch long, of a brown maroon 
colour, with the abdomen black, marked wdth five yellowish spots. Found in the south of Europe and Egypt. 
Dufour has made some curious observations on its habits. It constructs on the under side of stones, or in crevices 
of rocks, a cocoon in the shape of a cap or patella an inch in diameter, its circumference having seven or eight 
festoons ; the points alone being fixed to the stone by means of threads, whilst the edges of the festoons are free. 
This singular tent is of an admirable texture, the outer surface resembling the finest tafiety, and composed of a 
number of folds. Wlien young it only constructs two layers, between which it takes its station. But sub- 
sequently, perhaps at each moulting, it adds additional folds, and when the period of reproduction arrives it 
weaves another apartment expressly for the reception of the sacs of eggs and young when hatched, of a softer 
texture. The inside of its habitation is always singularly clean. The bags in which the eggs are placed are four, 
five, or six in number in each habitation ; they are about one-third of an inch in diameter, and of a lenticular form. 
It is not until the end of December or January that the eggs are deposited, and they are enveloped in fine down to 
guard them from the cold. The edges of the festoons not being fastened together, the insect is able to creep in and 
out at will by lifting them up. When the young are able to dispense with the maternal cares, they quit their com- 
mon habitation and form separate abodes, and their parent dies in her tent, which is thus the birthplace and tomb 
of the Uroctea. 
Drassus, Walck., has robust chelicerse, toothed beneath, the maxillae truncated obliquely at the tip, and the 
tongue oval, truncated beneath ; the line formed by the four posterior eyes is longer than that of the four anterior 
ones, the proportions of the external spinnerets scarcely differ, and they have not the comb-shaped valves which 
exist in Clotho ; the fourth and then the fore-pairs of legs are evidently longer than the others. They take their 
stations under stones, in holes of walls, the interior of leaves, and form cells of a very white silk. The cocoons of 
some are orbicular, flattened, and composed of two valves applied against each other. M. Walckenaer distributed 
the species into three families, from the lines of the eyes and form of the maxillae. D. viridissimus, which alone 
comprises his third division, forms on the surface of leaves a fine, white, and transparent web, beneath which it 
resides. I have often found on one of the surfaces of pear-leaves a similar web, but angular at the edge, like a 
tent, similar to that of Clotho, and which is, I presume, formed by this species. 
M. Dufour found another species under stones upon the highest Pyrenees {D. segestriformis). It is allied to 
ray D. melanogaster, which is probably the B. lucifugus, Walck. A very pretty little species is common near 
Paris, running on the ground ; it is nearly cylindrical, with a fulvous thorax, covered with purple down ; the abdo- 
men varied with blue, red, and green metallic tints, with golden lines or spots {D. relucens). 
In all the other Tubitelas the maxillae do not form an arch round the tongue : they are dilated on the outside, 
beneath the base of the palpi. 
Segestria, Latr., has only six eyes, four in a curved line, and two behind the two lateral ones. Tlie tongue is 
nearly square and oblong; the first and then the second pair of legs are of the greatest length. These Spiders spin 
in the holes of walls cylindrical silken threads, where they station themselves, with their fore-legs extended in 
front, diverging threads extended around the mouth of the tube, and form a small web for catching insects. 
iS. perfida, Latr., Aranea florentina, Rossi, and other species. 
The other Tubitelae have eight eyes ; and in consequence of the medium in which they reside, they may be 
divided into terrestrial and aquatic species. Although M. Walckenaer has formed the latter into his last family 
of the Spiders (that of Nayades), they have so much relation with the other Tubitelae that notwithstanding this 
difference in their habits they ought to be united with them. In the terrestrial species the tongue is nearly square, 
or but slightly narrowed and truncated at the tip, the maxillae straight or nearly straight, and more or less dilated 
at the tip ; the two eyes at each side of the ocular group are separate and not geminated, as in the aquatic 
Tubitelae. 
CluMona, Latr., differs from the next in the relative length of the external spinnerets, and in the front line of 
eyes being nearly straight. They make silken tubes to reside in, which they place under stones, in crevices of 
walls, or between leaves. The cocoons are globular (A. holosericea, Lin.; A. atrox, De Geer.) 
Aranea, which at first we had named Tegenaria, still retained by M. Walckenaer, and to which we unite his 
AgeleuiB and Nyssi, has the two upper spinnerets evidently larger than the others, and the front line of the eyes 
forms a curve. They construct in the interior of our habitations, in the angles of walls, upon plants and hedges, 
in the ground or under stones, large webs [cobwebs] nearly horizontal, and at the upper part of which is a tube 
in which they station themselves, without motion {Aranea domestica, Linn. ; Tegenaria civilis, Walck. ; Ar. 
labyrinthica, Linn., &c.) 
Argyroneta, Latr. (comprising the Nayades, Walckenaer; or Tubiteles aquatiques, Latr.) has the maxillae inclin- 
ing upon the tongue, which is triangular. The two eyes at each lateral extremity of the ocular group are placed 
close together on a particular eminence ; the four others form a square. A. aquatica, Linn, [or diving Water- 
spider] is blackish-brown, with the abdomen darker coloured, silky, and with four impressed dots on the back. 
It resides in standing water, in which it swims with the abdomen encased in a bubble of air, and in v/hich it forms 
for its retreat an oval cell filled with air and formed of silk, from which threads proceed to the diflerent adjacent 
water-plants in all directions. Here it devours its prey, constructs its egg-case, which it carefully guards, and 
passes the winter, having first closed the cell. 
