PULMONARIA. 
461 
Tetragnatha, Latr., has the eyes arrang'ed, four and four, in two lines nearly parallel, and separated by 
nearly equal intervals ; the maxillae long, narrow, and dilated only at the upper end, and the chelicerae are very 
long, especially in the males : the web is vertical — T. extensa, Walck., Linn. 
Epeira, Walck., has the two eyes on each side close together, and the four middle ones forming a square. The 
maxillae are dilated from the base, and form a rounded palette. E. cucurbitma is the only known species of which 
the web is horizontal ; that of all the others is vertical or inclined. 
Some species place themselves in the centre with the head downwards ; the others make in its vicinity a small 
cell, either arched over, sometimes in the form of a silken tube, and sometimes composed of leaves brought together 
and attached by threads, or opened above like a bird’s nest. The webs of some exotic species are composed of 
threads sufficiently strong to catch small birds, and even to annoy man when he may happen to come into contact 
with them. The egg case is generally globular, but that of some species is of an oval figure truncated at one end, or 
resemblino- a veiy short cone. The natives of New Holland (Foj/a^re a la recherche de La Perouse, p. 239) and of some 
of the South Sea Islands, when in want of other food, devour a species of Epeira, early allied to E. esuriens, Fabr. 
M. Walckenaer mentions sixty-four species of Epeira, generally remarkable for the variety of their colours, 
forms, and habits. He has distributed them into various small and very natural families, of which we have endea- 
voured to simplify the study in the 2nd edition of the Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat., article Epeira. Various important 
sexual organs, have been neglected or not sufficiently 
Epeira diadema, Lin. — This is of a large size, with the 
abdomen marked with a triple cross formed of small 
white spots; it is very abundant in autumn. The eggs 
[which the parent deposits at the commencement of the 
cold weather, in angles of the ceilings of rooms, passages, 
&c. near gardens, enveloping them with a loose white 
silken web] are hatched in the spring of the following 
year. 
E. ventricosa, De Geer, has the abdomen flattened, of a 
greyish-brown or obscqre yellowish colour, with a black 
band margined with grey down the middle of the back, 
and eight or ten impressed dots. It spins its web against 
walls or other bodies, and hides itself in a nest of white 
silk, which it constructs beneath some prominence, or 
in some cavity in the neighbourhood of its web. It 
neither works nor feeds except during the night, or when 
there is but little day-light. 
E. fasciola, Walck., has the thorax covered with a thin silvery pubescence ; the abdomen is of a fine yellow with 
black transverse lines. Its cocoon is about an inch long, and resembles a small balloon ; of a grey colour, with 
longitudinal black ribs, with one of the extremities truncated, and closed by a flat silken lid. The interior exhibits 
a very fine down, which envelopes the eggs. This species is found at the edges of running water, where it spins 
a vertical web, of a very regular construction, in the centre of which it stations itself. M. Dufour has given a very 
detailed account of this species, and of its habits, {Ann. Sci. Physiq. tom. vi.,) and has for the first time described 
the male, [which is exceedingly small, compared with the female.] [The egg cocoon of this species is described 
and figured in the Field Naturalises Magazine, vol. ii. p. 57.] 
Epeira cucurbitina, Lin., A. senoculata, Fabr., spins its web of small extent in a horizontal position, amongst 
the stems and leaves of plants. 
Epeira opuntice, Dufour, constantly stations itself amongst the leaves of the agave and opuntia in Catalonia and 
Valencia in Spain, where it constructs its net with loose and irregular meshes. Its cocoons are oval and of a whitish 
colour, composed of two coats, the interior of which envelopes the eggs. 
Amongst the exotic species some are very remarkable. Some of them have the abdomen cased with a very solid 
skin, armed points, or horny spines, {A. militaris, spinosa, hexacantha, tetracantha, &c., Fabr. : E. curvicanda, 
Vauthier, {Ann. Sci. Nat. tom. i.) has the abdomen dilated behind and armed with two extremely long, curved, 
slender spines. These spined species ought to form a distinct subgenus, {Gasteracantha, Latr., in Cours 
d’Entomologie]. 
Other exotic species of Epeira have bundles of hairs upon the legs, {A. pilipes, clavipes, Fabr.) Dr. Leach forms 
his genus Nephisa with one of these species, named N. macidata. 
We now pass to Spiders, sedentary like the preceding, but which are able to walk sideways, back- 
wards, forwards — in fact, in any direction. These form the section of the Laterigrades. The four 
fore-legs are always longer than the others ; sometimes the second pair exceeds the first, but some- 
times they are equal to them ; the animal stretches them out, throughout their entire length, upon the 
surface upon which it is stationed. The chelicerae are generally small, and their hook is folded 
transversely, as in the four preceding tribes ; the eyes are always eight in number, often very unequal, 
and form, by their union, a segment of a circle or crescent ; the two lateral posterior ones are placed, 
further backwards and nearer to the sides of the thorax than the others. The maxillae are in a great 
considerations, however, such as the characters of the 
studied. The most interesting species are 
