PULMONARIA. 
463 
thus named in opposition to the former division of the Sedentary species), have the eyes, always eight 
in number, extended lengthways along the thorax rather than transversely, or at least the space they 
occupy is as long as broad, and which form, by tbeir union, either a curvilinear triangle, or a trunoated 
oval, or a square. Two or four of their eyes are often much larger than the others ; the thorax is 
broad, and the feet are robust, those of the fourth pair, the two first, or those of the second pair 
generally, exceed the others in length. These Spiders do not spin webs, wait for their prey, seize it 
running or leap upon it. We divide these into two sections, the Citigrades and the Saltigrades. 
The first, that of the Citigrades, comprises the species which are called Wolf-spiders by some 
writers. The eyes form, by their arrangement, either a curvilinear or oval triangle, or a square, the 
front side of which is much narrower than the breadth of the thorax ; this part of the body is ovoid, 
narrowed in front, and with a central longitudinal ridge ; the legs are only fitted for running ; the 
maxillae are always straight and rounded at the tip ; the females of most of the species sit upon their 
cocoon or carry it about vsdth them, applied against the breast and the base of the belly, or suspended 
at the anus. They do not abandon it except in the utmost extremity, and return to hunt for it when 
they have no longer cause of alarm. They also tend their young with care for a certain period of time. 
Oxyopes, Latr., Sphasus, Walck., have the eyes arranged in four transverse lines, in pairs, the front and hind 
ones being shortest, so as to form a kind of oval. The first pair of legs is longest. S. heteropthalmus, Walck. ; 
0. variegatus, Latr., &c. 
Ctenus, Walck., has the eyes arranged in three transverse lines, gradually becoming broader (2, 4, 2,) and forming 
a kind of reversed curvilinear triangle, truncated at the front, or its narrowest part. The tongue is square ; the 
fourth and then the first pair of legs are the longest. Established on a Spider, of large size, found at Cayenne. 
Bolomedes, Latr., has the eyes arranged in three transverse lines (4, 2, 2), forming a square, rather broader than 
long, with the two posterior placed on an eminence ; and which have the second pair of legs as long or longer than 
the first pair ; those of the fourth pair are longest. The tongue is square. 
Some species have the two lateral eyes of the front line longer than the two middle ones placed between them, 
and the abdomen terminated in a point. The females construct, on the top of trees full of leaves, a silken nest, like 
a funnel or bell, where they lay their eggs, but when they go out to hunt or are forced to abandon their retreat, 
they always carry their cocoon with them, attaching it to their breasts. Clerck says that he saw them leap upon 
flies which were flying around them. Ar. mirabilis, Clerck ; A. rufo-fasciata, Fab. &c. 
The other species have the four front eyes of equal size, and the abdomen oval and rounded at the tip. They 
inhabit the sides of water, running on its surface with surprising quickness, and even entering into it without 
being wetted. The females make, amongst the branches of vegetables, large irregular webs, in which they place 
their cocoon, which they guard until the young are hatched. Dot. marglnatus, Walck. ; A. fimbriatus, Clerck, &c. 
Lycosa, Latr., which have the eyes arranged in a square, as long as or longer than it is broad, with the two 
posterior not placed upon an eminence. The first pair of legs is evidently longer than the second, but shorter 
than the fourth, which is the longest. The maxillae are obliquely truncate ; the tongue is square, but longer than 
broad. 
All these Spiders usually live on the ground, where they run with great swiftness. They dwell in holes, which 
they have found or formed, lining its inside with silk, and increasing its size as they grow. Some take up their 
abode in holes of walls, where they make silken tubes, the outside of which they cover with earth or sand, and in 
which they moult and hybernate, having first closed the entrance. The females also therein lay their eggs ; they 
carry their egg-case with them when they go out to hunt, and which is attached by threads to the anus. The 
young ones fasten themselves, as soon as they are hatched, upon the body of their parent, and there remain 
attached until they are sufficiently strong to seek their own food. They are very voracious, and defend the position 
of their habitation with great courage. 
A species of this genus, the Tarentula, so named from the city of Tarentum, in Italy, in the environs of which it 
is common, is very celebrated. In the opinion of the vulgar its venom occasions dangerous wounds, often 
followed by death, or by the complaint termed tarentism, which could only be cured by the aid of music and 
dancing. Judicious people think it more requisite to combat the terrors of the imagination than the effects of 
the venom, for which the medicinal art supplies various remedies. M. Chabrier has published some observations 
upon the Tarentula of the South of France {Soc. Acad. Lille, 4 Cahier). The genus is numerous in species, which 
have not yet been clearly defined. 
L. tarentula {Aranea tarentula, Linn.,) is about a foot long, with the under side of the abdomen red, with a 
transverse central black bar.* The Tarentula of the South of France {L. narbonnaise, Walck.) is rather smaller, 
with the belly black, with a red margin. L.febrilis, Clerck, an analogous species, occurs near Paris; L. saccata 
is much smaller, and is very common near Paris [and London], 
Myrmecia, Latr., in Ann. Sci. Nat., tom. iii. p. 27 [as the generic name implies, greatly resembles an Ant]. Hie 
legs are long, nearly filiform, the fourth and the first pairs being the longest ; the thorax appears as if divided 
into three parts, the anterior of which is much larger than the other two, which are knotted. The abdomen is 
* [Several species have been confounded under this name. M. i des Sciences Naturelles, 1833, translated in the Magazine of Natural 
Dufour has published an elaborate account of the habits of one of | History, vol. i., new series.] 
these, which he regards as the real M. Tarentula, in the Annales i 
