INSECTA. 
479 
All insects do not pass through these three states. Those which have no wings 
come forth from the egg with the forms they are always to maintain, — the Flea, female 
Mutillse, Worker Ants, and a few others, excepted. These are called insects without 
a metamorphosis. Among those which have wings, a great number undergo no other 
change than that of acquiring them. These are said to undergo a demi-metamorphosis, 
their larva resembling the perfect insect, with the exception of the wings, which are 
entirely wanting. The pupa differs only from the larva in having rudiments of wings, 
which are developed at the last moulting, which brings the insect to the perfect state. 
Such are the Cimices, Grasshoppers, &c. Finally, the other insects provided with 
wings are said to undergo a complete metamorphosis, appearing, at first, under the 
form of a caterpillar or worm, and subsequently becoming an inactive nymph, but 
which exhibits all the parts of the perfect insect contracted, and, as it were, enveloped 
in a bandage. 
These parts are free, although very closely approximated and applied against the 
body, in the pupae of the Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &c. ; but this is not 
the case in those of the Lepidoptera, and many of the Diptera. An elastic or still more 
solid skin is moulded over the body, and its exterior parts form for it a kind of case. 
The skin of the chrysahdes of Lepidoptera, consisting only of a simple pellicle applied 
upon the external organs, following all their directions, and forming for each of them 
so many moulds, hke the envelope of a mummy, permits them to be recognized and 
distinguished \jpupa obtecta, Linn.] ; but that of the two-winged flies, being formed of 
the dried skin of the larva, has merely the appearance of a cocoon in the shape of an egg. 
It is a kind of capsule, or case, in which the animal is inclosed {pupa coarctata, Linn.) 
Many larvae, previous to passing to the pupa state, construct for themselves, with 
silk which they draw from the interior of their own bodies, by means of the spinnerets 
of their lower lip, or with other materials which they have collected, a cocoon, in which 
they are inclosed. The perfect insect comes forth from the pupa by a slit or fissure 
which it makes down the back of the thorax. In the pupa of two- winged flies, one of 
its extremities is detached, in the form of a cap, for the passage of the insect. 
The larvae and pupae of the insects with a semi- metamorphosis, differ only from the 
perfect state of the same insects in respect to their wings. The other outer organs are 
identical. But in complete metamorphosis, the form of the body of the larva does not 
always bear a constant relation with that which these insects have in their final state. 
It is generally more elongated ; the head is often very different, both in its consistence 
and figure, and has only the rudiments of antennae, or else wants them absolutely, and 
never exhibits composite eyes. The organs of the mouth are also very different, as may 
be at once perceived by comparing the mouth of a Caterpillar with that of a Butterfly, 
or the mouth of the larva of a Fly with that of the same insect perfectly developed. 
Many of these larvae have no feet ; others, such as those of Caterpillars, have many ; 
but these, vrith the exception of the six anterior, are entirely membranous, without 
hooks at the tip. Some insects, such as the Ephemerae, exhibit a singular exception in 
the metamorphosis : arrived at their perfect state, they again cast off another skin 
from their wings. 
The insects which compose our first three orders, preserve, throughout life, the form 
which they have when born. The Myriapoda, however, exhibit the rudiments of meta- 
morphosis, having at first only six feet, or being even, according to Savigny, entirely 
