492 INSECTA. 
The first section comprises the Pentamera, or those which have five joints in all the tarsi^ 
and which consist of six families, of which the first two are distinguished by the possession of 
a double excrementitial apparatus.* 
THE FIRST FAMILY OF THE COLEOPTERA PENTAMERA — 
Carnivora, Cuv. {Adephaga, Clair.), — f 
Which has two palpi to each maxilla, or six in the whole. The antennae are almost always thread- 
like or setaceous, and simple. The maxillae are terminated by a scaly piece or slender hook ; and the 
inner edge is furnished with hairs or small spines. The tonguelet is received in a notch of the 
mentum. The two fore-legs are inserted upon the sides of a compressed sternum, by means of a 
large rotule ; the posterior pan have a strong trochanter at the base ; their basal joint is large, and 
appears to be soldered with the post- sternum, in the form of a curvilinear triangle, with the outer 
edge excavated. 
These insects hunt after and devour other insects ; many have no wings under the elytra. The 
anterior tarsi in many of the males are dilated. 
Their larvae are also very carnivorous. They have, in general, the body cylindric, elongated, and 
composed of twelve joints ; the head (not counted in this number) is large, scaly, armed ivith two 
strong mandibles bent upwards at the point, with two short conical antennae, two maxillae, divided into 
two branches, of which one is formed by the palpus ; a tonguelet, bearing two short palpi ; and six 
small smooth eyes on each side. The first segment is covered by a scaly plate ; the others are softer. 
Each of the anterior segments bears a pair of feet, of which the extremity is eurved in front. These 
larvae differ according to the genera. Those of the Cicindelae, and Aristus bucephalus, have the upper 
side of the head deeply impressed in the middle, with its under side very globose. They have on each 
side twm of the small smooth eyes much larger than the rest. The upper plate of the fore segment is 
large, and like a semicircular shield. The eighth segment has upon the back two hooked tubercles. 
The last segment has no particular appendages. 
In the other larvae of this family with which we are acquainted, with the exception of Omophron, 
the head is not so strong and regular on its upper side. The ocelli are very small, and all alike. 
The scaly back of the first segment is square, and does not extend beyond the side of the body. The 
eighth segment is destitute of tubercles, and the last is terminated by two conical appendages, as well 
as a membranous tube, formed of the elongation of the anal apparatus. These conical appendages are 
corneous and toothed in the larvee of Calosoma and Carabus : they are fleshy, articulated, and longer in 
the Harpali and Licini. The form of the mandibles approaches that of the perfect Beetles. The larvae 
of Omophron Umbatus, according to Desmarest, is of a conical form, with a large head, and two very 
strong mandibles, and with only two eyes : the extremity of its body, which is gradually narrowed, is 
terminated by an appendage of four joints. I have only counted two in those of the larvae of the 
Licini and Harpali. 
These insects are either terrestrial or aquatic. 
The terrestrial Carnivora have the legs fit only for running ; the four posterior are inserted at 
equal distances apart : the mandibles are entirely exposed ; the terminal piece of the maxillae straight 
beneath, and bent only at the tip ; the body generally oblong, with the eyes prominent. All the 
trachem are tubular or elastic. The intestine is furnished with two small sacs, which secrete an acrid 
humour. M. L. Dufour has presented (in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vol. viii. p. 36,) a 
resume of the anatomical characters of these insects, [from which it appears that the digestive tube is 
not more than twice the length of the body ; the gizzard is armed interiorly with moveable corneous 
the forms of their larvae ; he has, however, only given a slight sketch, 
which recent discoveries do not seem to support. Mr. Kirby has 
also proposed another arrangement in the Fauna Borealis Americana, 
founded exclusively upon the general structure of the perfect insect.] 
* Linnaeus, Fahricius, and their followers commence the arrange- 
ment of the Beetles with the genus Scarabmus : which comprises 
some of the most bulky of the insect tribes, as, for instance, the Rhi- 
noceros, Elephant, and Goliath Beetles. The arrangement of Latreille 
is founded upon the supposed superior developement of the masti- 
catory organs of the Adephaga, and especially upon the circumstance 
of their possessing two pairs of palpi to each of the maxillae. Mr. 
Hope, in the preface to the second part of his Coleopterist’s Manual, 
has supported the Linnaean arrangement with various arguments.] 
t This family, one of the most extensive of the insect tribes, has 
been illustrated by Weber, Clairville, Bonelli, and especially by Dejean 
in his Species General, [now completed by himself, as regards the land 
Carnivora, and continued by Dr. Aube, as regards the aquatic species]. 
