COLEOPTERA. 
515 
THE FOURTH FAMILY OF THE COLEOPTERA PENTAMERA,— 
The Clavicornes, — 
Has, like the preceding family, four palpi ; the elytra entirely cover the upper side of the abdomen, or 
its greater portion ; the antennae almost always thicker at the tips, and often terminated by a perfo- 
liated or solid mass. They are larger than the maxillary palpi, with the base naked or but scarcely 
covered ; the legs are not fitted for swimming, and the joints of the tarsi, or at least those of the 
posterior feet, are ordinarily entire. They feed for the most part in the larva state on animal matter. 
We divide this family into two sections, the first of which has the following characters : — Antennse 
always composed of eleven joints ; longer than the head, hut forming after the third joint a fusiform 
or cylindrical mass ; the second joint not dilated into an ear-shaped appendage ; terminal joint of the 
tarsi, as well as the ungues, small, or of moderate size. 
These Clavicornes live out of water, whilst those of the second section are aquatic or subaquatic, 
and thus lead to the Palpicornes, which are for the most part aquatic, and of which the antennae have 
not more than nine joints. The first section comprises several small tribes. 
The first tribe, that of the Palpatores, appears to approach, in a natural series, the Pselaphi and 
Brachelytra, [in respect of their mouth-organs and habits]. Their antennae (at least as long as the 
head and thorax) are slightly thickened to the tips, or are nearly filiform, with the two basal joints 
longer than the following ; the bead is separated from the thorax by a narrowed part ; the maxillary 
palpi are long, advanced, and thickened at the tips ; the abdomen is large, oval, or ovoid, and laterally 
embraced by the elytra ; the legs are long, with the thighs clavate, and the tarsal joints entire. They 
are found on the ground under stones, &c. Some {Scydmoenus) frequent damp places. We unite 
them into one genus, — 
Mastigus, Hotf. 
Mastigus, has the antennse [elbowed], with the basal joint very long ; the last two joints of the maxillary palpi 
form an oval mass ; the thorax is ovoid. M. palpalis, Latr. 
Scgdmcsnus, Latr., has the antennse scarcely elbowed, [the basal joint not being long] ; the maxillai’y palpi are 
terminated by a minute pointed joint, and the thorax nearly globose. S. Helwigii, Latr. M. Duros discovered 
S. clavatus, Gyll., in an ant’s-nest, which tends to confirm my views of the relation of this genus with the 
Pselaphi, at the end of the Brachelytra. 
In all the Clavicornes following, the head is generally received into the thorax ; and the maxillary 
palpi are never porrected and clavate at the same time. The whole of their appearance exhibits other 
distinguishing characters. 
The genus Hister forms our second tribe, named Histeroides. The four hind legs are wider apart 
at their insertion than the two anterior, which character alone distinguishes this gen-us from all the 
others of this family ; the feet are contractile, and the outer edge of the tibiae is toothed or spinose ; 
the antennse are always elbowed, and terminated by a solid mass, composed of joints very close to- 
gether ; the body is of a very solid consistence, generally square, or parallelopiped, with the prosternum 
often dilated in front, and the elytra truncate ; the mandibles are strong, advanced, and often of un- 
equal size ; the palpi are nearly filiform, or slightly thickened at the tips, and terminated by an oval or 
ovoid joint. In relation to their habits, the toothing of their tibise, &c., these insects approach the 
Coprophagous Lamellicornes ; but in other respects, chiefly anatomical, they naturally approach the Silphse. 
These animals feed on cadaverous or stercorareous matters, rotten vegetable substances, such as 
manure, old fungi, &c. Others reside under the bark of trees. They creep slowly ; they are of a 
very shining black or bronzed colour. Such of the larvae as have been observed feed upon the same 
substances as the perfect insects. Their bodies are of a linear form, depressed, nearly smooth, soft, 
and of a yellowish white colour, with the exception of the feet and first segment of the body, of which 
the skin is scaly, and of a brown or reddish colour ; it is furnished with six short feet, and terminated 
behind in two articulated appendages and an anal tubular elongation ; the scaly plate of the first segment 
is longitudinally channelled. 
This tribe exclusively comprises, as above said, the genus 
Hister, Linn. 
Some of these have the tibiae, at least those of the fore-legs, triangular, and toothed on the outer edge; the an- 
tennae always exposed and free ; the body generally square, and but little if at all thickened. 
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