524 
INSECTA. 
In the Geotrupides the antennae are generally 11 -jointed, the mandibles are generally exposed and 
curved, and the upper lip more or less exposed ; the species are generally of black or red colours, "with 
the elytra smooth or simply striated ; the males are often cornuted. They chiefly feed upon 
excrementitious matter. 
jEgialia, Latr. (having the body short, thorax transverse and abdomen gibbous, and composed of [a single small i 
British species, found upon our sandy coasts.] Ps. arenarius, Gyll., &c.) and j 
Chiron, Mac Leay, (DiasojwMs, Dalm.), having the body narrow, long, and subcylindric, [and consisting of several 
exotic species, and placed by Mac Leay amongst the Lucanidae], are both distinguished by having only nine joints 
in the antennae ; the others have eleven joints, which are, however, sometimes difficult in computation, the joint 
preceding the club being sometimes apparently confounded with the basal joint of the club. ! 
I Lethrus differs from the rest in having the club obconical and the mandibles exposed, very large, serrated inter- 
i nally, and with a large tooth in the males. Lethrus cephalotes, Fabr., according to Fischer, is destructive to young 
buds and leaves, which it bites off, whence, in Hungary, it is called “ the Schneider,” and where it does much ' 
I injury to the vines, crawling backwards, with its food in its jaws, into its hole, each of which is occupied by a male 
I and female ; but in the pairing time a strange male sometimes intrudes, when a battle ensues which only ends in 
I the death or flight of the stranger. ^ 
The others have the joints of the club of the antennae of the ordinary form, and leaf-like. 
Geotrupes, Latr., has the labrum advanced and transversely square, the jaws are curved and very compressed, and ' 
with the club of the antennae oval or ovoid, the anterior tibiae long and multidenticulate, and the clypeus lozenge- 
shaped : Scarabceiis stercorarius, Linn., [the common Dor, or Shard- \ 
borne Beetle. One of the commonest British insects ; there are several 
others, natives of this country.] Those species which have the thorax '■ 
of the males cornuted form the [genus Typhceus, Leach], Ceratophyus, 
Fischer. Type, Scarabceus typhceus, Linn., [or the common English 
Bull-comber]. 
Ochodceus, Meg., has the labrum strongly notched, the mandibles 
elongate, triangular, and the fore-tibiae with only two teeth on the 
outer edge. Melolontha chrysomelina. Fab. [Germany]. 
Those species with the club of the antennae large, orbicular, or sub- 
globose, the middle joint being encased between the two outer ones, 
form three subgenera. i 
Athyreus, Mac Leay, approaches the Coprophagi in having the middle j 
feet wider apart than the others. 
Elephastomus, Mac Leay, has the clypeus produced into a thick, | 
square horn, furcate at tip, and the maxillary palpi very long. Scarab, proboscideus, Schr. [New Holland], i 
Bolbocerus, Kirby {Odontceus, Zeigl.), has one of the mandibles simple, and the other bidentate at the tip ; the 1 
maxillary palpi scarcely larger than the others. S. mobilicornis, Fabr., a small [rare British species, the male of : 
which has a long erect horn on the head]. i 
Hybosorus, Mac Leay, (having the basal joint of the antennae obconical and elongated, the tibiae narrow and elon- 
gated), and 
Acanthoeerus (having the basal joint of the antennae very large, dilated above, and the tibiae lamellar and con- 
cealing the tarsi), have ten joints in the antennae, the last joint of the palpi elongate, and the mandibles not or but i 
slightly toothed. The species of both are very small [and exotic]. 
In the second division of the Arenicoli, or the Trogides, the antenna are always composed of ten [ 
joints, the labrum and mandibles but slightly exposed, the maxillae armed with teeth ; the body is 
dingy-coloured, and tubercular above ; their fore-legs are advanced, their thighs covering the head 
beneath. These insects produce a stridulation by the action of the mesothorax against the sides of the i 
prothoracic cavity. 
Trox, Fabr.— These insects are found in the earth or sand, where they appear to devour the roots of vegetables. 
\Trox arenarius and two other British species, of small size.] Mr. Mac Leay has separated the apterous species 
with the sides of the thorax dilated, under the name of Phoberus. 
Cryptodus and Mcechidius, Mac Leay, have the extremity of the body not covered by the elytra, and nine joints 
to the antennae: Maechidius appears to me to approach the Melolonthae. [Mr. Mac Leay has subsequently discovered 
that Cryptodus belongs to the Cetoniidae. Both subgenera are Australian.] 
A third section, XylopMli, {Geotrupes and certain Cetonice, Fabr.), has the scutellum distinct, the 
extremity of the abdomen not covered by the elytra, the claws of the tarsi often unequal, the antennae 
always 10-jointed, the last three forming a leaf-like mass, the middle leaf never being entirely concealed 
by the outer ones ; the mandibles horny as well as the maxillae, which are straight and often toothed. 
All the feet are inserted at equal distances apart. [This section comprises two divisions, corresponding j 
with the families Dynastidce and Rutelidoe, Mac Leay.] 
The first division (comprising the Geotrupes of Fabricius) comprises those species, the males of which ! 
