COLEOPTERA. 
529 
i mandibles are always horny, often very much porrected, largest, and very diversified in form in the 
I males. The maxillaj are commonly terminated by a long, narrow, hairy lobe, but in some they are 
entirely horny, and toothed ; the tonguelet consists of two small hairy setae extending beyond the large 
horny mentum ; the fore-legs are often elongated, with the tibiae externally denticulated ; the tarsi are 
terminated by two equal and simple claws, with a small appendage between them, terminated by two 
bristles ; the elytra entirely cover the body. 
We divide them into two sections, the first of which has the antennae strongly elbowed, naked ; 
labrum very small, united to the clypeus ; maxillae terminated by a membranous or coriaceous lobe, very 
hairy hke a pencil, without teeth, or wdth only one ; the tonguelet either entirely concealed, or incorpo- 
rated with the mentum, or divided into two narrow, long, hairy lobes ; this section forms the genus 
Lucanus. 
Those which have only three or four joints in the club of the antennae form a first division. 
Sinodendron, Fab., has a strong resemblance to Oryctes: the body nearly cylindrical, the mandibles hidden, 
without teeth, and alike in both sexes ; the head of the males has an erect horn. Scarabaus cylindricus, Linn., 
a common British insect. Those with the body convex, ovoid, and the mandibles elevated vertically, and shorter 
than the head, form two subgenera, — 
j^salus, Fab. (having the body short and convex, the mandibles terminated above in a horn, and the maxillae 
covered by the mentum, composed of a single European species, Ms. scarahtsoides, Fabr.), and 
Lamprima, Latr. [composed of splendid metallic Australian insects, Lethrus <eneus, Fabr., &c.], with the body 
more elongated, the mandibles much longer than the head in the males, and very much toothed and hairy within. 
Those with the body flatter, especially in the females, the mesosternum prolonged and advanced, and head nar- 
rower than the thorax, are 
Ryssonotus, Mac Leay, having the mandibles of the males formed as in Lamprima, comprising a single Aus- 
tralian species, Lucanus nebulosus, Kirby, and 
Pholidotus, Mac Leay {Chalcimon, Dalm.), with tb“ mandibles of the males greatly elongated, narrow, curved, 
and serrated on the inner edge. Lamprima Humboldtii, Schonh., and a few other beautiful species from South 
America. 
[The magnificent genus Chiasognathus, Steph., is closely allied to the last. It is composed of a large and splendid 
species found in the Island of Chiloe, on the west coast of South America. Another species has been recently dis- 
covered on the Continent of America.] 
In the following, the mesosternum is not pointed, and the head is as wide as, or wider than the thorax. 
Lucanus proper, having the eyes not divided by the sides of their head, the body depressed, and the maxillae 
terminated by a very long lobe. 
Lucanus cervus, Linn., the common Stag-beetle, is one of our largest insects, the males being two inches long, 
or even longer, with the mandibles very large, curved, and toothed (like stag-horns) ; the females have the head 
narrower and the jaws smaller ; the size of this species and of its horns varies considerably. This insect flies about 
in the evening in the middle of the summer, [especially round the oaks], upon the wood of which the larva feeds, 
remaining in that state for several years before undergoing its final transformation. It is supposed that this larva 
was the Cossus of the Romans, a worm-like animal, which they esteemed as a delicious treat. 
I unite the Ceruchus and Platycerus of Mac Leay, to Lucanus. 
Platycerus, Latr. [Dorcus, Mac Leay], has the eyes entirely divided transversely 
by the margins of the head ; the maxillae are tex'minated by a shorter and broader 
lobe. Lucanus parallelipipedus, Fab. [the small Stag-beetle, commonly found 
in England]. I also reunite to Platycerus the Nigidius, Mgus, and Figulus of Mac 
Leay. 
Syndesus, Mac Leay, differing from all the preceding in having the club of the 
antennae composed of the last seven joints. S. cornutus, Fab. [New Holland]. 
[Ilexaphyllum, Gray, is a Brazilian genus, closely allied to Syndesus in the an- 
tennae.] 
The Lucanides of our second section have the antennae but slightly 
elbowed and villose ; the labrum always exposed, horny, and transverse ; 
the mandibles robust, and very much toothed ; without remarkable sexual 
disproportions ; maxillse entirely horny, with at least two strong teeth ; 
the tonguelet also horny, and situated in a notch of the mentum, and terminated by three points. 
The abdomen is attached by a peduncle, which has the scutellum on its upper part. These insects 
compose the genus 
Passalus,— 
Which Mac Leay restricts to the species with the club of the antemiae 3-jointed, the maxillae armed with three 
teeth at the tip, and two on the inside. The species with a 5-jointed club to the antennae, and with only two teeth 
to the maxillae, compose his genus Paxillus. He also places in this same family the genus Chiron, which we have 
placed amongst the coprophagous Lamellicornes. These insects are strangers to Europe and also Africa, being 
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