HYMENOPTERA. 
581 
These larvae are elongate, nearly cylindric, with a scaly 
head furnished with strong mandibles, and a small eye on 
each side ; six feet, of which the two anterior are shortest 
and thickest, and the other four longer ; the body is com- 
posed of twelve joints, of which the fourth has a conical 
tubercle on each side in the majority of the species ; the 
terminal segment is furnished wdth tw^o moveable hooks ; the 
majority also possess two series of white flexible filaments, 
which appear to be respiratory organs. When ready to 
assume the pupa state, they fix their cases to some sub- 
stance under water, closing each end with an open grating, 
which, as well as the cases itself, varies in the different 
snecies. ns.— Phryganea grandis.- a. Larva in its case: 
^ grating ; c. Imago. 
The pupae have in front two hooks, which cross each other like a beak, and with which they make 
their way through the grating, [immediately before they assume their final form,] when, although pre- 
viously immoveable, they walk or swim with agility, by means of their four fore-legs, which are free and 
fringed. The pupae of the larger species crawl up plants out of the water, where they throw off 
their skin, but the smaller ones merely come to the surface, and are there transformed into winged 
insects in the same way as Gnats, their old envelope serving them for a boat. 
Some have the hind wings evidently larger than the fore ones, and folded. 
Sericostoma, Latr., has in one of the sexes the maxillary palpi dilated into a mask covering the face ; in the 
other sex they are filiform, and 5-jointed. 
PJmjganea proper, has the mouth alike in both sexes, and the palpi shorter than the head and thorax, and 
slightly villose. P. grandis, [and a great number of other species, well known to the angler and fly-fisher]. 
, Mystacida, Latr., has the antennae exceedingly long, as well as the maxillary palpi, which are very hairy. (P. 
fdosa, quadrifasciata, &c.) 
The others have the fore wings narrow, lanceolate, subequal, and not folded. 
Hydroptila, Dalm., with short antennae of equal thickness throughout. 
Psychomyia, Latr., has similar wings, but the antennae are long and setaceous, founded upon a minute, appa- 
rently undescribed species. 
[This tribe has recently been thoroughly investigated by M. Pictet, whose memoir forms a thick quarto volume, 
with many plates. Messrs. Stephens and Curtis have also described many new English species, as well as addi- 
tional genera. 
Dr. Burmeister has published an entire revision of the order Neuroptera in the last part of his Handbuch der 
Entomologie, in which he has also established many additional genera.] 
I 
j 
j THE NINTH ORDER OF INSECTS,— 
j THE HYMENOPTERA, Linnaeus (Piezata, Fabricius),— 
i 
i Also possesses four membranous, naked wings, a mouth furnished with mandibles, maxillte, and 
jj two lips ; but the wings (of which the anterior are always the largest) have fewer nervures 
j than those of the Neuroptera, and are only veined [and not net- like] ; the females have the 
i| abdomen terminated by an ovipositor or a sting. All possess, in addition to their compound 
I eyes, three minute ocelli ; their antennae are of variable form, not only differing in the genera, 
j but also in the sexes of the same species j they are nevertheless filiform or setaceous in the 
, majority ; the maxillae and lower lip are generally narrow, elongated, attached in a deep cavity 
I of the head by long muscles* ; semitubular at the base ; often folded back at the extre- 
I J more fitted for conducting the nutritive fluids than for mastication, and united in many 
I in the form of a proboscis ; the tonguelet is membranous, and either widened at the tip or 
i long and filiform, having the pharynx at its base, and often covered by a sort of sublabrum or 
I epipharynx ; two labial and two maxillary palpi ; thorax composed of three segments united in 
* Hence the mentum partakes of this general movement ; in other biting insects it is fixed. 
