INSECTA. 
588 
made in various vegetables in order to deposit its eggs ; the fluid accumulating in the wounded part of 
the plant forms excrescences or tumours, which have been termed galls or nut-galls, the latter of which 
is employed with a solution of green vitriol, or sulphate of iron, in producing a black dye. 
The form and solidity of these galls vary according to the nature of the parts of the plants which 
have been attacked, as the leaves, petioles, 
buds, bark, roots. Many are spherical, and 
resemble fruits, such as gall-apples, &c. ; others 
are hairy, as the bedeguar of the rose ; others 
resemble small artichokes, fungi, &c. The eggs 
inclosed in these galls increase in size and con- 
sistence. They give birth to small larvse 
destitute of feet, but furnished with tubercles to 
supply their stead ; sometimes they live singly, 
and sometimes in societies. [ I have obtained 
more than eleven hundred gall-flies from a single gall, found at the root of an oak]. They devour the inte- 
rior without stopping its growth, and remain five or six months in that state. Some undergo their changes 
within the galls, but others quit them in order to descend into the earth. The small round holes 
observed in the sides of the galls, show that the insect has made its escape : various insects of the 
following family are also found within, but these have taken the place of the real inhabitants, having 
destroyed them in the same manner as the Ichneumons. 
An insect [considered to belong to this family] deposits its eggs in the seeds of the most forward 
wild figs in the Levant. The modern Greeks, following a custom handed down to them by their 
forefathers, fasten several of these fruits, amongst the later figs, the insects escaping from which, 
covered with the fecundating dust, make their way into the eye of the fruit of the latter, and thus pro- 
voke the maturity of the fruit. This operation is termed caprification. 
Ibalia, Latr. {Sagaris, Panz.), has the abdomen very compressed, like the blade of a knife; the antennae filiform; 
the radial cell is long and narrow, and the two brachial ones very distinct ; the two anterior cubital cells are very 
small. [/. cultillator, Latr., a very rare British species.] 
Figites, Latr., has the abdomen ovoid, thick, and rounded above, compressed beneath ; the antennae moniliform, 
and thickened to the tips. There is only one complete brachial cell ; the radial cell is far from the tip of the 
wing, and the second cubital is wanting. 
Cynips proper {Diplolepis, Geoff.), has the abdomen similar, but the antennae are filiform, and there are three 
cubital cells ; the radial cell is also more elongate. C. Gallte tinctorice, Oliv., resides in a sound hard tubercular 
gall found upon a species of oak in the Levant, and which is used in commerce, [and which is our chief ingredient 
in the manufacture of ink]. By breaking the galls, the perfect insect may occasionally be obtained. C. Quercus 
pedunculata, punctures the male flower-stalks of the oak, and produces small galls in bunches, like bunches of 
currants. [See, for numerous additional genera and species, the memoirs of Boyer de Fonscolombe, Walker, 
Westwood, and especially Hartig, published in the 3rd number of the Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie.'] 
The fourth tribe (Chalcidi^, Spin.), differs only from the preceding in having the antennas elbowed 
(except in Eucharis), and forming beyond the angle an elongated or fusiform mass ; the basal joint is 
often lodged in a groove [of the face] ; the palpi are very short ; the radial cell is generally wanting, 
and there is only a single cubital cell, which is not closed. The antennae have not more than twelve 
joints. The genera hitherto established may be referred to that of 
Chalcis, Fabr. 
These insects are very small, ornamented with brilliant metallic colours, and possess, in general, the 
power of leaping. The ovipositor is mostly composed of three threads, as in the Ichneumons, and 
exserted. The larvae are similarly parasites. Some, in consequence of their minute size, feed on the 
eggs of insects wliich are scarcely perceptible ; many others live in the larvae and chrysalides of 
Lepidoptera. I presume that they do not weave a cocoon in order to become pupae. 
Some, having always 11- or 12-jointed antennae, have the hind thighs very thick, lenticular, with the tibiae curved; 
of these, some have the abdomen attached to the thorax by a foot-stalk, with the ovipositor straight, and rarely 
exserted. 
Chirocera, Latr, has the male antennae feathered like a fan. C. pectinicornis, Latr. 
Chalcis, Fabr., has the antennae single in both sexes ; of these some have the peduncle elongated. [C. sispes, a 
British species.] In others, the peduncle is very short, (Vespa minuta, Fabr.) [a British species]. C. annulata, 
Fig. 003. — Oak gall-apple and Cynips quercusfolii. 
