LEPIDOPTERA. 
605 
pillars or Chrysalides pass the winter, and the insect only undergoes its change in the spring 
or summer of the following year. In general the eggs deposited in the autumn are not 
hatched till the next spring. They escape from the Chiysalis in the ordinary manner, or by a 
slit down the back of the thorax. 
The larvm of Ichneumonidse and ChalcididEe rid us of a great number of these destructive 
insects. 
[The arrangement of this order cannot be considered as arrived at an equal degree of per- 
fection with that of the Coleoptera, or some other orders. Dr. Horsfield, in his Lepidoptera 
Javanica, has attempted a more natural classification, founded especially upon the transforma- 
tions of these insects, but his w^ork is incomplete ; as is also the case with BoisduvaPs Histoire 
naturelle des Insectes Lepidopteres. The British species have been described in detail by 
Mr. Stephens, in whose w^ork, as well as in that of Curtis, great numbers of new genera are 
introduced ; there still, however, requires a more minute investigation of the generic characters 
of these insects, and especially of the exotic species, than has yet been given to them ; authors 
having generally contented themselves with describing or figuring the beautiful marking of 
the wings, without attending to the real generic or structural peculiarities.] 
We divide this order into three families, which correspond with the three genera of which 
the order is composed in the Linnsean system. 
THE EIRST FAMILY OF THE LEPIDOPTERA,— 
The Diurn a [or Butterflies], — 
Is the only one in which the outer edge of the hind-wings is not furnished with a scaly and stiff bristle 
like a bridle, to retain the two fore-wings, which, as well as the others, generally, are elevated perpen- 
dicularly in repose ; the antennie are terminated either by a knob, or are nearly of the same thickness, 
or even more slender, and terminated in a bent hook at the tip. This family corresponds wfith the 
genus 
Papilio, Linnaeus. 
The caterpillars have alw'ays sixteen feet. The chrysalides are nearly always naked, attached by 
the tail, and mostly angular. The perfect insect, always furnished wuth a proboscis, only flies by day, 
and the colours of the under side of the wings are equal in beauty to those of the upper. 
We divide them into two sections. 
The first have only a single pair of spurs to the tibia;, placed at the tips ; the-fore wings are elevated 
perpendicularly in repose ; the antennae are mostly clubbed at the tip, which is truncated, or 
rounded, or are sometimes nearly filiform. This very numerous section may be further divided as 
follows. 
1. Those with the third joint of the palpi either obsolete, or if present, clothed with scales as 
thickly as the preceding joint, and the tarsal claws very distinct. Their caterpillars are elongate, 
subcylindric ; the chrysalides are almost ahvays regular, sometimes smooth, but inclosed in a rough 
cocoon ; some of these (Hexapoda) have all the legs fit for walking, and nearly alike in both sexes : 
the pupa is not only attached by the tail, but by a thread round the middle of the body ; the central 
cell of the hind wings is closed externally. 
The four following genera have the inner edge of the hind wings concave or folded. 
Papilio proper, or the Equites of Linnaeus, have the lower palpi very short, scarcely reaching the clypeus, with 
the third joint scarcely distinct. Theirfcaterpillars, when alarmed, throw out a forked horn from the neck, which 
emits a disagreeable scent. 
These Butterflies are remarkable for their size and the variety of their colours. Tliey are generally found in the 
equatorial regions of both worlds ; many have the hind wings prolonged into a tail, as in onr Papilio Machaon, 
or the Swallow-tail Butterfly. 
Zelima, Fabr., differs from Papilio only in having the club of the antennae shorter and rounder. [Two exotic 
species.] 
Parnassius, Latr. {Doritis, Fabr,), have the palpi elevated above the clypeus, and pointed, with three distinct 
joints; the caterpillars have a retractile tentacle in the neck, but they form a kind of cocoon with leaves. P. 
Apollo, [a reputed British species], which, with the others, is only found in mountainous districts. 
Thais, Fab., has palpi like Parnassius, but the club of the antennae is elongated and curved ; the caterpillars 
are apparently destitute of the retractile tubercle in the neck. The species are found in the South of Europe. 
