INSECTA, 
606 
In the following the lower wings extend beneath the abdomen, and form a kind of gutter for it ; their larvae 
are destitute of a tentacle in the neck ; and many of them subsist on cruciferous plants. These Lepidoptera 
{Papilio Danai candidi, Linn.), form two subgenera. 
Pieris, Sclirank. (Pontia, Fab.), has the palpi subcylindric, slightly compressed, with the last joint nearly as 
long as the preceding, and the club of the antennae ovoid. P. brassicce, Linn., the Great Garden white 
Butterfly, &c. 
Colias, Fab,, having the antennal club elongate, obconic, and the palpi very compressed; with the last joint 
much shorter than the preceding. C. edusa, and Hyale, Linn., the Clouded yellow Butterflies, &c. 
The other Butterflies of the same division are named Tetrapods, from having the two fore-legs 
very small, and folded up, and not fitted for walking, either in both sexes, or only in the males ; the 
chrysalis is suspended only by the tail, and hangs with the head do wm wards. In some of these, the 
fore-legs, although small, scarcely differ in form from the hind ones ; the hind wings have the central 
cell always posteriorly closed ; the palpi are wide apart, slender and cylindric, and short. All these 
subgenera are exotic. 
Danais {Eiipl<ea, Fab.), has the wings triangular, and the antennae terminated by a long and curved knob. 
Idea, Fab., has the wings nearly oval, elongated, with the antennae nearly filiform. 
The two following subgenera differ in having the wings more elongate and narrow, and the abdomen is 
very long. 
Heliconia, Latr. {Mechanitis, Fab., P. Heliconii, Linn.), has the antennae long and gradually thickened. 
Acraa, Fab., has them shorter, and suddenly clubbed. 
In the others (P. nymphalis, Linn.), the two fore-legs are more strongly bent, and either visible and 
very hairy, or concealed and minute. The hind wing has the central cell open in many, the palpi are 
longer, and often thicker and close together. 
Those with the palpi rather compressed, apart in their whole length, and terminated by a slender joint, [are 
known under the name of Fritillary Butterflies,] having the under-side of the wings ornamented with silver, or 
yellow spots on a buff ground. The caterpillars are very spinose. 
Cethosia, Fab., has the tarsal ungues simple, and the club of the antennse oblong. 
Argynnis, Fab., has pearly spots on the under- 
side of the wings ; the caterpillars are very spinose, 
with two longer spines on the neck, and the tarsal 
claws are unidentate. 
Melitcea, Fab., has the caterpillars furnished with 
small villose tubercles ; the wings are spotted, the 
pearl being replaced by yellow. 
Those with the palpi contiguous throughout their 
whole length, and gradually pointed to the tip, and 
very compressed, compose five other subgenera. 
Vanessa, Fab., are separated from the following 
by the antennae suddenly terminated by a short 
knob. The caterpillars are very spinose. [This 
subgenus comprises some of the most beautiful of 
our British Butterflies, such as Papilio Antiopa, 
Linn., or the Camberwell Beauty ; Pap. lo, Linn., the Peacock ; Pap. Cardui, Linn., the Painted Lady ; Pap. Ata- 
lanta, Linn., the Red Admiral ; P. Polychloros, Linn., the Large Tortoise-shell ; Pap. Urticte, Linn., the Small 
Tortoise-shell; Pap. C. album, the Comma Butterfly], the chrysalis of which last rudely represents a human 
face, or the mask of a satyr. 
In the four following subgenera the antennae are terminated by an elongate mass, or are nearly filiform. The 
caterpillars are either naked, or armed with but few spines. 
Libythea, Fab., in which the males alone have the fore-legs minute, and the palpi very advanced like a beak. 
Biblis, Fab. {Melanitis, Fab.), have the palpi also longer than the head, but obtuse at the apex ; the fore-legs 
short, and folded up in both sexes ; the wings broader and simply toothed ; the nerves of the fore-wings dilated 
at the base. 
Nymphalis, Latr., is similar to Biblis in the feet, but with the palpi shorter, and differing from Vanessa only in 
the longer club of the antennae ; but the caterpillars have fewer spines, or merely fleshy prominences ; they are 
narrowed to the extremity of the body, which is rather forked. These Butterflies are generally beautifully orna- 
mented, and have a rapid and high flight. The males of some have changeable reflexions in their hues, [as in the 
Purple Emperor, Papilio Iris, Linn.]. The form and size of the club of the antennae vary a little, as well as the 
relative proportions of the wings, which have given rise to the establishment of several other subgenera ; but their 
characters are very equivocal. The species which approach nearest to Biblis form the genus Neptis, Fab., whilst 
the furthest removed are P. Jasius, and the allied species, [forming the genus Charaoces, Bdv.] 
Morpho, Fab., has nearly filiform antennae, being but slightly thickened at the tips. All the species are South 
American, and of great size, with eye-like spots on the wings. 
Fig-. 127. — Argynnis Paphia. 
