DIPTERA. 
619 
a perpendicular or incurved beak ; the palpi are curved under, or recurved, but in the latter case they 
have not more than two joints. Linnaeus united them in his genus 
1 Tipula {Tipularice, Latr.), 
Which we divide in the following manner : — 
A first section is composed of species with antennae longer than the head, at least in the males, 
slender, filiform, or setaceous, more than 12-jointed in the majority, and with long and slender feet. 
Some, having always wings, are destitute of ocelli, the palpi always short, the head scarcely 
prolonged in front, the wings horizontal or roof-like, with but few nerves ; the eyes crescent-like, and 
the tibiae not spined. These are small species which reside, in the early states, either in w^ater or in 
the galls of vegetables. 
The Tipulides Culiciformes resemble Gnats, having the antennae entirely pilose, but with the hairs 
much longer in the males than in the females. Their larvae live in the water, and resemble those of 
Gnats. Some of them have false feet ; others have arm-like appendages at the posterior extremity of 
the body ; they are generally of a red coloiur. The pupae are also aquatic, and respire by two outer 
appendages placed at the anterior extremity of the body. Some have the power of swimming, 
I Corethra, Meg., has the antennae composed of fourteen oval joints, the terminal ones scarcely differing from the 
preceding, and the wings horizontal. T. culiciformis, De Geer [the Straw-coloured Midge]. 
Chironomus, Meig., has the wings inclined, the antennae 
13-jointed in the males, and 6-jointed in the females, with short 
hairs, the last joint, as in the males, being very long. T. annulata, 
De Geer, [a very numerous genus of Midges]. 
Tanypus, Meig., has the wings also deflexed, but the antennae 
are 14-jointed in both sexes ; the penultimate joint very long in 
the males ; the rest, as also all the joints of the female antennae, 
nearly globular ; the larvae have four false feet, — two near the 
head, and two at the extremity of the body. 
The Tipules Gallicoles have the antennag composed in 
both sexes of at least thirteen joints, furnished in the 
majority with short hairs ; at the most with a pencil of 
hairs at the base in some males. 
Ceratopogon, Meig. {Culicoides, Latr.), has a bundle of hairs at the base in the males ; the proboscis, as in 
the two following subgenera, has the form of a pointed beak ; the wings are incumbent on the body, and their 
larvae live in vegetable galls. 
Latr, has no brush or hairs to the antennae; the wings are roofed, and have a great number of 
nerves ; one species has two appendages at the side of the thorax, which appear to be formed by the lateral extre- 
mities of its front segment. 
Cecidomyia, Meig., has the antennae, as in Psychoda, moniliform, and furnished with verticillated hairs ; the 
Lestremia, Macquart, has the antennae formed of 
five globular, pedunculated joints in the males, the 
legs long and slender, and the basal joint of the 
tarsi long. C. destructor, Say, appears to belong 
to this subgenus. 
Macropeza, Meg., is also closely allied to these 
insects. 
The Tipules Terricoles comprise the largest 
species in the family, with the antennae longer 
Fi)r. 134 .— Cecidomyia destructor, and C. Tritici, with the larvaa of the latter i^^nthe head, and slender ; destitute of OCelU; 
feeding in wheat flowers, magnified. 
the eyes round and entire ; the wings, extended in many, have always membranous nerves, united 
together transversely, and closed discoidal cells. The front of the head is narrowed, and prolonged 
I into a muzzle, with a basal prominence ; the palpi generally long, and the extremity of the tibiae 
i spinose. 
The larvae of many species live in the earth, the rotten parts of trees, &c. The thorax is not distinct, 
and they have no false feet. They exhibit at the superior extremity of the body two more evident 
apertures for respiration. The pupae are naked, with two respiratory tubes near the head ; and the 
edges of the abdominal segments spinose. These insects are well known under the name of Daddy 
Long-legs, Tailors, &c. 
wings horizontal on the body, with only three nerves. 
Fig. 133.— Chironomus, with its Pupa and Larva, magnified. 
