POLYPI. 
654 
the ovaries are attached in the form of tangled threads. The intervals between the leaflets 
have communications with the tentacula ; and it should seem that water enters by these, per- 
vades the space between the leaflets, and ultimately escapes by small openings in the circum- 
ference of the mouth ; at least, some of the Actiniae eject water in this manner. 
Actinia. 
These have the body fleshy, often brilliantly coloured ; and the tentacula are arranged in several 
rows round the mouth, somewhat like the petals of a double flower, for which reason they have been 
called “ Sea-anemonies.’' They are very sensitive to light, and expand or close 
their tentacula according to the fineness of the day. When the tentacula are 
retracted, the aperture from which they proceed closes like the mouth of a purse, 
and the animal appears a simple fleshy tubercle, adhering to the rock. Their 
reproductive powers are scarcely inferior to those of the Hydra. Amputated 
parts are speedily re-produced ; and the numbers may be multiplied by simply 
dividing the body ; though their usual mode of reproduction is by bringing forth 
Fig. 142.— Actinia. young alivc. Thcsc young pass from the ovary into the stomach, make their 
escape by the mouth of the parent animal, and find localities for themselves. There are several dis- 
tinctions among them, besides those of size and colour. All the Actiniae are voracious, and miscel- 
laneous feeders. Small Fishes, Crustacea, and shelled Mollusca are, however, their usual food, and 
they very speedily extract the contents, and eject the empty crusts and shells. 
Actinia proper, fix themselves by a broad and fiat base. There are very many species, especially in the warmer 
seas, where some of them are of large size, and equal in brilliancy of colour to any flowers of the garden. The 
species most common in Europe are, among others, A. senilis, which is three inches wide, with a leathery and 
rugged envelope of an orange colour, and two rows of tentacula of moderate length, marked with a ring of 
rose-colour. It is found on the sands, into which it sinks if disturbed. A. Skin soft, finely striated, of a 
bright purple, often spotted with green ; body smaller than the last, but the tentacula longer and more numerous. 
It abounds on the coasts of the Channel, and has a beautiful appearance. A. plumosa. — White, more than four 
inches wide, mouth in lobes beset with small tentacula, and with a row of larger ones within the lobes. A. effceta. 
— Light brown with whitish streaks, smooth, lengthened, and often thickest at the upper part. Inhabits the Medi- 
terranean, and usually fixes itself to shells. Those which have been enumerated are a mere specimen out of many 
species, the distinctions of which are, however, often obscure. 
Thalassiantha and Discosoma of Ruppel, are Actiniae, the first with branched, and the second with very short 
tentacula. 
Zoanthus, have the same texture, mouth, and tentacula as Actinia, and differ little in their general organization; 
but they occur in groups adhering to a common base, which is sometimes broad and flat, and at other times a sort 
of creeping stem. 
Luceknaria, — 
Resemble Actinia, but are of softer substance. They fix themselves by a slender peduncle to sea-weeds 
and other bodies. The upper part expands like a parasol, and is surrounded by numerous tentacula, 
arranged in bundles ; and between these are eight ccEca proceeding from the stomach, and containing 
a red granulated matter. 
L. qiiadricorna, has the edge in four forked branches, with two bundles of tentacula in each. L. auricula, has 
the border octagonal, with a bundle of tentacula in each division. 
THE SECOND ORDER OF THE POLYPI. 
GELATINOSI. 
These have no firm envelope, and no ligneous, fleshy, or horny axis within the body. They 
are wholly gelatinous, more or less conical, and the simple cavity serves for a stomach. 
Hydra. 
These are the simplest of all animals in their organization, the whole of which consists of a small, 
gelatinous horn, beset with filaments which serve as tentacula. Even the microscope finds nothing in 
their bodies but a transparent parenchyma, containing mere opaque granules ; still they can swim and 
crawl, and even walk, by attaching the ends of the body alternately in a manner similar to Leeches and 
geometrical Caterpillars. They disturb the water with their tentacula, and thus bring their prey within 
