20 PERMIAN FOSSILS. 
of individual cells, a mode of structure still more characteristic of Moraminifera, 
D’Orb. (Polythalamia, Ehren.), is very inimical to the classing of Spirillina with the 
Foraminifera. 
Professor Ehrenberg has placed Sp. vivipara among the Polygastrica, but to this 
group it appears even more strange than to the Foraminifera. 
The further examination, however, of recent specimens will probably decide to 
what family this minute organism really belongs. In the mean time we may direct 
observation to the fact of the existence of the genus, and probably the same species, 
not only in the recent state (in the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean) and in the 
super-cretaceous deposits (Bordeaux), but also in the Lias and the Magnesian Limestone. 
Although so like a Serpula in its form, the fact of its occurring in these various 
deposits strongly militates against its being an Annelid, and places it amongst such 
low organisms as Polygastrica or Polythalamia, which preserve generic and even 
specific characters throughout very many geological epochs. 
SuB-k1INGpom RADIATA, Cuvier. 
ZOOPHYTES, Auct. 
This portion of the Animal Kingdom is divisible into five classes, viz.: Jnfusoria, 
Entozoaria, Malactinia, Polyparia, and Echinodermata, the last two of which are only 
known as members of the Permian Fauna.’ 
Class Potyparta (Les Polypes*), Lamarck, 1801. 
The latest writers on this group divide it into what may be termed two sub-classes, 
viz. Nudibrachiata and Cilobrachiata, respectively characterised by the absence or 
presence of cilia on the tentacles or brachial appendages surrounding the oral aperture 
1 [ have adhered throughout this Monograph to the law of priority only as regards the names of species, 
genera, and families. With respect to higher groups, I have used such names for them as appear to be the 
most suitable, and I have often altered the value of the groups on which such names have been imposed : 
thus Blainville’s name Palliobranchiata is more scientifically correct than Cuvier’s Brachiopoda ; besides, it 
is expressive of the great distinguishing character of the group to which it belongs. Blainville’s name has 
therefore been preferred, though the value of the group of Molluscs, to which the author of the ‘Manuel 
de Malacologie’ applied it, has been raised to the rank it holdsin the Cuvierian system. 
* Les Polypes ‘ont été ainsi nommés, parce que les tentacles qui entourent leur bouche ces font un 
peu ressembler au poulpe, que les anciens appelaient polypus.’’—Cuvier, Régne Animal, tome iii, p. 289, 
1830. 
