32 PERMIAN FOSSILS. 
its generic collocation is therefore still a matter for further consideration; and on the 
same ground it is even doubtful whether it should be considered an Alcyonaria or a 
Bryozoon. It is named after M. Voigt, whose ‘ Practische Gebirgskunde’ contains some 
account of the Permian beds of Germany. 
The specimen figured is attached to the exterior of a Productus horridus found in 
the Shell-limestone at Humbleton Quarry, where it is rare. 
Sub-class CILiOBRACHIATA, Farre. 
Potyzoa, J. V. Thompson. 
Bryozoa, Ehrenberg. 
Zoopuyta Ascrporpa, Johnston. 
Potyres Tunicrens, Milne Edwards. 
As previously stated, this group of Zoophytes does not appear to be divisible into 
orders like the last sub-class, notwithstanding the attempts which have been made to 
divide it by some naturalists. The divisions [nfundibulata and Hippocrepia proposed 
by M. Gervais, as based chiefly on difference of habitat, whether marine or fresh-water, 
appear so divested of the necessary structural individuality, and of so little value com- 
pared with the orders already noticed, that in place of adopting them, it seems a much 
safer plan to regard the Ciliobrachiates as resolvable into only one order, for which 
Ehrenberg’s name Lryozoa may be very conveniently retained. In this case the names 
of M. Gervais may be advantageously used to distinguish groups of a lower value. 
The sub-class Czlobrachiata comprises both marine and fresh-water productions. 
The very minute Cristatellas and Plumatellas inhabiting ponds and lakes are of the 
latter kind; while the Flustras (Sea-mats), Escharas, Elasmoporas (Lace-coral), and 
several others, represent the marine section. 
As some of the members of this sub-class form a highly interesting group of 
Permian Zoophytes, I have been induced to give a short description of the polyps 
inhabiting similar productions of the present seas. Referring to Plates II, IV, and V, 
certain figures will be observed representing highly magnified parts of Menestella and 
other allied genera. These figures exhibit the stems, branches, and other parts, with 
a number of circular openings (vide PI. II, figs. 9, 10, and 11; Pl. IV, fig. 5; Pl. V, 
figs. 3, 9, 11, 12, &c.), which in the originals are so minute as to require a magnifier 
to render them visible. Every opening is the entrance to a minute cell formerly 
tenanted by a microscopic polyp, thousands of which constructed and cotenanted 
such a Coral as is represented in Plate III, fig. 14. In giving a description of an 
existing ciliobrachiate polyp and its cell, it is believed that it will serve to illustrate the 
Corals hereafter to be described. 
The polyp is generally of the form of an elongated sac, which is protected for a 
considerable extent inferiorly by a covering of a horny nature in Mwustra, and of 
