ANIMALS. 
Or the five primary divisions into which the Animal Kingdom may be divided, 
namely, Spongia, Radiata, Articulata, Mollusca, and Vertebrata, the whole had repre- 
sentatives during the remote period, the Natural History of which, pertaining to a 
limited area, it is proposed to describe in the present Monograph. 
SuB-KINGDOM SPONGIA, Auct. 
Xzoyyos, Aristotle. 
Sponera (Genus), Linneus. 
CERATOPHYTA SPONGIOSA, Schweigger. 
Portrera (Class), Grant. 
Sponerapm, Mleming. 
Amorrpuozoa, Blainville. 
SPONGIAIRES (Family), Milne Edwards. 
GELATINIFERA, Hogg. 
Diagnosis.—“‘ Organized bodies growing in a variety of forms, permanently rooted, 
unmoving and unirritable, fleshy, fibro-reticular, or irregularly cellular, elastic and 
bibulous, composed of a fibro-corneous axis or skeleton, often interwoven with siliceous 
or calcareous spicula, and containing an organic gelatine in the interstices and interior 
canals; reproduction by gelatinous granules generated in the interior, but in no 
special organ.” 
Dr. Grant, to whom naturalists are much indebted for some interesting particulars 
on Sponges, divides the group into the three orders—/Hahmida (with siliceous spicula), 
Leuconida (with calcareous spicula), and Keratosa (consisting principally of horny 
species) ;> but, as it is not yet ascertained to which of these groups the Sponges 
hereafter noticed belong, it is deemed advisable to waive all discussion on the several 
interesting points involved in the consideration, and to pass on to the genera to which 
they appear to belong, taking simply their external characters as the means of 
identification. It may be premised, that Mr. Bowerbank has demonstrated the 
! Dr. Johnston, A History of British Sponges and Lithophytes, p. 78, 1842. 
2 British Annual and Epitome of the Progress of Science for 1838, p. 267. In addition to the orders 
proposed by Dr. Grant, the singular genus Dysidea, Johnston, (“spongious, with imbedded inorganic 
grains of sand,’’) may hereafter be considered as the type of another order, 
