98 PERMIAN FOSSILS. 
Strophalosia Goldfussi is very common in the shell-limestone at Ryhope Field-House 
Farm, where a bed is filled with its casts. It is also found, but considerably less 
abundantly, in the corresponding rock at Humbleton Hill, Castle-Eden Dene, and 
Dalton-le-Dale: I succeeded in finding a few specimens in the Breccia of Tynemouth 
Cliff. It is a common fossil at Konitz, in Germany: Geinitz notices its occurrence 
also at Milbitz, Ropsen, and Corbusen, in the Lower Zechstein. 
STROPHALOSIA EXCAVATA, Geimitz. Plate XII, figs. 18, 14, 15, 16, 17. 
(2?) GrypPHites acuLEatus, Jun., Sch/. Leonhard’s Taschenbuch, vol. vii, pl. iv, fig. 3, 1813. 
ORTHIS EXCAVATA, Geinitz. Neues Jahrbuch, p. 578, pl. x, figs. 12, 13, 1842. 
—- — i Gzea von Sachsen, p. 97, 1843. 
— — a De Verneuil, Bull. Geol. Soe. de France, 2™° série, vol. i, 
p- 29, 1844. 
STROPHALOSIA SPINIFERA, King. Op. cit., p. 30. 
OrTHIS EXCAVAPA, Geinitz. Geol. Russ., vol. i, p. 223, 1845. 
STROPHALOSIA SPINIFERA, King. Loc. cit. 
== = » King, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xviii, 
p. 28, 1847. 
Propuctus Lewis1anus, Koninck. Mon. du Genre Productus, p. 262, pl. xv, fig. 5 
a, 6, c, d, e, 1847. 
= GEINITZIANUS, Koninck. Op. cit., p. 264, pl. xv, fig. 3a, 6, c, d, 1847. 
STROPHALOSIA SPINIFERA, King. Catalogue, p. 9, 1848. : 
Propuctus Morrisianus, King. Howse, Trans. T. N. F. C., vol. i, p. 257, 1848. 
ORTHOTHRIX EXCAVATUS, Geinitz. Versteinerungen, pp. 14, 15, pl. v, figs. 35, 37; pl. vi, 
fig. 20a, b, ec, 1848. 
— Gouprusst, Minster. Op. cit., pl. v, fig. 30, &. 
Diagnosis —*‘ Large valve hemispherical oval (quer-oval), finally concentrically striated, 
and covered with long slender spines; with a small, low, rounded, pointed umbone : 
area high, and divided by a small occasionally slightly-mdented deltidium (sinus). 
Small valve (in old examples) deeply concave, pouch-shaped, generally a little wider 
than long (its greatest width being about the middle of its length), and covered with 
small spines, as in the other valve. The Ainge is about equal to two thirds of the widest 
part of the shell. The area is low.” 
The typical Strophalosia. 
I am induced to add the description of the shell given in my ‘ Catalogue,’ as it notices 
one or two points overlooked by Dr. Geinitz. “‘ Horm roundish. Area narrow and 
slightly elevated. Dorsal valve roundly convex, with very long curved spines often 
1 < Rickenschale halbkugelig quer-oval, mit einem kleinen niedergebogenen spitzen Wirbel, einer hohen 
Area und einem schmalen, bisweilen nur schwach angedeuteten Sinus, fein concentrisch gestreift und mit 
diinnen, aber langen Stachelréhren besetzt. Bauchschale an altern Individuen stark vertieft, taschenformig, 
indem ihre grésste Breite unterhalb der Mitte der Lange liegt, meist etwas breiter als lang und mit ahnlichen 
Rohrenstacheln oder Warzen bedeckt, wie die andere Schale. Der Schlossrand nimmt ungefahr zwei 
Dritttheile der grossten Schalenbreite ein. Die Area der Ventralschale ist niedrig.” (Geinitz, Verstein- 
erungen, p. 15.) 
