122 PERMIAN FOSSILS. 
Camarophoria multiplicata is a very local species, occurring chiefly at Humbleton 
Quarry, in the Shell-limestone, where it is not very common. I have found a few 
specimens in the same formation at Dalton-le-Dale. It does not appear to have been 
discovered anywhere in the Permian rocks of Germany (unless at Ilmenau, vide Gea 
von Sachsen, p. 96) or Russia. 
Family SPIRIFERIDE, King, 1846. 
DnLruyRip&X (partim), Phillips, 1841. 
Diagnosis.— The oral arms very largely developed, and supported the whole of 
their length by a thin, shelly (?), or cartilaginous (?), spirally twisted plate.” (Gray.)! 
Mr. J. Sowerby, in 1815, was the first to separate the shells belonging to this family 
from the Zerebratule under the name of Spirifer. The institution of Zrigonotreta by 
Koenig was the next step. Fischer de Waldheim shortly afterwards proposed the genus 
Choristites. Dalman, in 1827, followed in the same track by forming Cyrtia, Atrypa, 
and Delthyris. Professor Phillips, in 1841, provisionally proposed the genus Cleiothyris. 
M‘Coy, in 1844, instituted the genera Athyris, Brachythyris, Martinia, Reticularia, and 
Actinoconchus. And more recently M. A. d’Orbigny has indicated Spiriferina, Spirigerina, 
and Spirigera. It will shortly be seen that most of these genera are synonymous. 
The double spiral apophysary system, found in all the genera of this family, 
constitutes its principal distinctive character. This view was first published, I believe, 
by myself in 1846, when stating that “the spiral form of the labial processes, their 
immobility, and their spirally folded supports, are characters which eminently 
distinguish Spiriferide from every other palliobranchiate family.” 
Previously to the publication of the researches of Professor M‘Coy,’ extremely 
vague ideas were entertained as to the use of the spiral appendages; but, im accordance 
with the views of this author, all paleontologists are now of opinion that they formed 
the supports of the labial appendages of the Mollusk. Mr. T. Davidson has also 
contributed to throw some important light on these structures, as existing in the 
Jurassic Spiriferide ;* and from his late communications to me, I have been put in 
possession of the important fact, that the two crura of the spirals in the fossils last 
noticed are connected with each other in the centre of the shell.’ It will readily occur 
to the reader that the homologues of these crura (i. e. the crura of the loop) in 
Terebratulide are projecting and free (vide Pl. XX, figs. 11 and 12 #). Had the spirals 
themselves been thus conjoined, as is the case with the loop in Zeredratula and 
' Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2d series, vol. 11, p. 437. 
* Idem, vol. xviii, p. 32. 
’ Vide Synopsis of the Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland, pp. 127-8. 
* Vide London Geological Journal, vol. i, pp. 110-11, pl. xviii, figs. 1, 2, 3. 
> Figures illustrating this character will be published by Mr. T. Davidson, in his Monograph of Oolitic 
and Liassic Brachiopoda, which he is preparing for the Paleeontographical Society. 
