119 
The second one, the deliberate formation of recombinants when genes 
for dangerous toxins are present, is also listed in this list, but it is 
actually listed, as I understand it, as two things, because toxins of 
bacterial or animal origin appear to be separated from toxins of plant 
origin, whereas the La Jolla guidelines put the two together just with 
dangerous toxins. So that says that number 6 and number 8 on this page 
3 are essentially taken care of here. 
Number 7 on page 3, which is the formation of recombinant DNA mole- 
cules where part of the recombinant is from plant pathogens whose viru- 
lence or host range might likely be increased is included under number 3 
of the list that is on the slide. 
Okay, now, number 2 in the list on page 3 is the introduction of DNA 
coding for resistance to antibiotics into any bacteria in which this drug 
resistance does not naturally occur. That is similar to number 5 on the 
list that is on the slide, except that number 5 is qualified for those 
drugs of importance in medicine and agriculture, but basically, in my view, 
I would say that they are very similar. 
MR. HUTT: Well, is it the same or is it just similar? 
DR. SINGER: Well, they are not the same, no. The one in the La Jolla 
guidelines is qualified, but on the other hand it is true that there are a 
large number of antibiotics which are antibiotics by definition but which 
are not useful for various reasons. So I am not sure that substantively 
that is an important distinction. 
MR. HUTT: Theirs is broader than yours? 
DR. SINGER: That is right. It would presumably include antibiotics 
which are also not useful for various reasons. 
Okay, now — so now to focus on things which are on this list on page 
3, which are not included in the La Jolla document as summarized on this 
slide, first of all, number 1 on page 3 reads, "The introduction of the 
DNA from mammals or any warm-blooded animals into _E. coli . [This applies 
to total DNA and 'purified' segments.] The possibilities of introducing 
tumor virus genomes, enzymes converting bacterial metabolites to small 
molecule hormones and many others make such experiments extremely 
hazardous." 
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