151 
recorded at Fort Detrick. He has done that, and I think it is of 
importance to point out that as they moved into the glove-box systems, 
their infections were almost diminished to nothing. I think they had 
one infection. 
I don't care to take any time on that, but since the point was raised, 
I do have this report and would like to submit it to the committee for their 
review on this very elaborate discussion of the experience since 1943, at 
which time biological activities were being conducted at Fort Detrick. 
[See Appendix B to these Proceedings ] 
Another point I would like to make is that Building 41, although it is 
and was designed as a P4 facility, and does possess those physical attri- 
butes of a facility, has not been operated as a P4 facility, because the 
hazards of the studies that are currently being conducted there have not 
been judged to need that sophistication. 
DR. FREDRICKSON: That accounts for the cockroaches. 
(Laughter. ) 
Dr. Nightingale? 
DR. NIGHTINGALE: I have a comment on the guidelines with respect to 
the lower eukaryote shotgun experiments. It has come up before, but it is 
still not clear in my mind first, why things such as insects should be con- 
sidered lower, which most taxonomists would not agree with. They are 
different, but they are not lower, and their ability to adapt and to change 
to differing environmental conditions is very marked. 
This big category under invertebrates includes 14 or 16 phyla, and it 
is a very, very diverse category of living organisms, many of which are 
vectors of human, animal and plant diseases, and all of these vectors are 
known to man as being vectors. Therefore, the point I am trying to raise 
again because I still don't understand, is the inconsistency in the require- 
ments between cold-blooded vertebrates and all other eukaryotes, because as 
Dr. Brown pointed out, P2 plus EK2 effectively precludes experiments with 
cold-blooded vertebrates, but P2 plus EK1 permits experiments with other 
cold-blooded animals, which includes all the insects and all the arthropods. 
That is one item. 
The other is that when you look to the survival of, for example E. coli 
in the gastrointestinal tract, it is not the same as considering what happens 
to all the DNA released from the coli and its plasmid and anything else in 
the bacteria. I don't know about E. coli exactly, but for pneumococcal DNA 
at least, there is survival of soluble DNA in genetically active form for at 
least 48 hours in the mouse, and this DNA can effect genetic transformations 
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