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every laboratory that has worked with radiation become sloppy in the course. 
Not until they have an accident and something calls them up does that 
trend reverse. That will happen in this field as well. Meanwhile, the 
scientific benefits of this work are something I do understand and appre- 
ciate, and I think that you have no choice but to see to it that that 
scientific work does indeed go forward, but the pace at which it shall 
go forward may be up for grabs for the moment. 
DR. FREDRICKSON: Thank you. Dr. Handler. 
Dr. Sprague? 
DR. SPRAGUE: I will omit certin things that have already been said. 
I am sure as we go around the table everything will be said probably more 
than once, so I will try to restrict my comments to the things that have 
not been dealt with, although I would like to emphasize one or two points. 
First, I would like to applaud you and the NIH for the forthright 
manner in which you have developed a process for trying to arrive at the 
most logical and defensible position, and both best for science and for 
the public at large. 
Also, I have been very impressed with the representatives of the sci- 
entific community over the last 2 days, and what I read before I came here 
regarding the thoroughness and the diligence with which they pursued this, 
and their concern for the public good, I might say. 
I think that although this has been stated, I would like to reiterate 
the need to define as precisely as we can, through probably contract re- 
search, the risks at their earliest possible moment. I have only an 
impression regarding the guidelines per se. I would not — I think we are 
in no position to say, but I would only say that I would hope that you 
err on the conservative side in the final decision. 
I have heard the statement made repeatedly, and almost glibly on 
occasion, that the investigators throughout the world would adopt what- 
ever guidelines are established. I wish I felt so certain of that. In 
fact, the greatest risk to me is that they will not, in fact, be followed 
throughout the world. And I would hope that the advisory committee would 
address this problem as to how they would ensure, both in this country and 
abroad, that whatever guidelines are ultimately established will be fol- 
lowed. That is all. 
DR. FREDRICKSON: Dr. Koshland? 
DR. KOSHLAND: Well, it is certainly easy to make decisions if all 
the data are in, and obviously, all the data aren't in on this question. 
However, there is an unevenness of available data, as Dr. Rowe said so 
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