Chap. II. 
Mogul Empire 
ooi 
Money ", in Gold and Silver Plate he carried away five 
Crores * in Jewels, which he took from the Emperor and 
the Omrahs, twenty-five Crores. He feized like wife the 
Iambus Peacock Throne, and nine others, valued at as 
many Crores of Rupees. In fine, Cloths* rich Stuffs, 
and other valuable Commodities, he picked up fix Crores 
more, fo that in the whole* he received at lead feventy 
Crores, which make eighty-feven Millions and an half of 
our Money. He took with him likewife a thoufand Ele- 
phants, feven thoufand Horfes, ten thoufand Camels, and 
about a thoufand Artificers of feveral forts. His Officers 
and Soldiers acquired by Plunder ten Crores of Rupees , 
or twelve Millions and an half of our Money * the 
Charges of his Army, while he continued in the Ter- 
ritories of the Mogul, the Arrears, Pay, and Gratuities ad- 
vanced them, together with the Goods they deftroyed by 
Fire, and other Acts of Fury and Defolation, could not 
fall much, if any thing, fliort of twenty Crores more , 
and if to this we add the Lofs differed by the Plunder 
of the City of Dehly , and the Ravages committed in the 
March to and from thence, the entire Lofsfuftained by the 
Inhabitants of this Empire, will not be exaggerated, if com- 
puted at an Arrib of Rupees , or an hundred and twenty- 
five Millions Sterling. Again, as to the Number of Per- 
fon's deftroyed in the March from Labor , in the Battle of 
Carnal,A n the March to Dehly, in the general Maffacre 
there, and in the Confequences of it, fuch as Self-Mur- 
ders, Famine, and arbitrary Punifhments, it is believed 
there could not fall lefs than two hundred thoufand Per- 
rons, of all Ranks, Sexes and Ages. 
But it was not only Blood and Treafure that paid for 
this Invafion, but Dominions alfo, for Nadir Shah requir- 
ed, and obtained, an abfolute Cefiion of all the Territo- 
ries then poffefskl by the Indian Monarch on the Weft- 
Side of the /River At took , by which Means Peifhor , with 
its Territories, tjie Principality of Cabul, and feveral 
other Countries, were yielded to Perjia z fo that the Ex- 
tent of that Monarchy on this Side, is much larger than 
it was before Nadir-Shah came to the Crown. 
Thus we have traced the Hiftory of this Tartar Em- 
pire in the Indies , from its firft Rife, to the prefen t Times, 
through the Courfe of three hundred and forty Years and 
upwards. It is by the help of this Hiftory, that the fub- 
fequent Part of this Work will be rendered perfedly in- 
telligible, becaufe from thence we fee how all Parts of 
the higher Afia changed their Government, and in a great 
Meafure their Inhabitants, fince it is certain, that from 
being the pureft and moft unmix’d People in the World, 
their Cities came to be filled by a vaft Variety of differ- 
ent Nations, and thofe too of different Faiths. Firft, 
this was occafioned by the utter Deftrudion of the Perji- 
an Monarchy .by the Arabs , which drove the Natives of 
that Country, who have fince been called Perfees , and of 
late Parfi's , into ail Parts of Afia , but more efpecially in- 
to India, where the Manners of the People, and the Laws 
of their Country, very nearly refembled their own. The 
Mohammedans next, for the fake of Trade, came to plant 
themfelves in the Indies , where, when they once found 
themfelves ftrong enough, they feized fuch Parts of the 
Country as were moft convenient for them, and fettled fe- 
veral Principalities, but particularly that under Sultan Mo- 
hammed, which gave the great Timur fo much Trouble, 
when he firft invaded Indojlan , and which was afterwards 
10 long famous under the Title of the Kingdom of the 
Rattans. The Tartars, as has been before obferved in 
the laft Section, had made feveral Incurfions into thefe 
Countries, to the great Difturbance of the Inhabitants, 
who were likewife very much diftreffed by the continual 
Quarrels and frequent Wars among their own Princes, 
who by this Means weakened and deftroyed that Force 
which was abfolutely neceffary to their common Safety. 
It is very clear therefore, that the State of the Indies was 
much altered from what it was in the Time of the An- 
cients, and confequently the Inhabitants were much left 
able to refill the Attempts that were made (ipoft their Li- 
berties by the Europeans . 
For, in the firft Place, they had been totally enervated 
by their Luxury, which drew Upon them thofe Divifions" 
and Diftradions which rendered them an eafy Prey to the 
Mohammedans and Tartars. Neither was this at all cured 
by their Misfortunes, for tho* it be natural enough for. 
a poor and hardy Nation to attain by flow Degrees, and 
unwearied Endeavours, to Wealth and Power , yet it is 
neither reafonable to exped, nor does Hiftory make it at 
all probable, that when once a Nation has been corrupted 
in its Morals, and foftened in its Manners, to a great De» 
gree, it has ever recovered its former Temper and Spirit, 
tho’ brought again into as great Poverty and Diftrefs, as 
when it firft ftruggled for Empire. This was the Situa- 
tion of the Indians precifely, when they v/ere firft known 
to the Portuguese \ that is to fay, they had attained to the 
moft flourifhing Condition that perhaps ever any Nation 
enjoyed, and by abufing their Wealth and Power, had 
funk into all the Depths of Luxury by which the Yoke of 
Slavery had been brought upon their Necks *, which tho s 
they bore with Impatience, # yet they wanted both Force 
and Virtue to throw off, living ftill in perpetual Feuds 
and Animofities againft each other, and delighting as 
much as ever in that Sloth and Love of Pleafure which 
had brought them into thefe Misfortunes. 
After having thefe leading Circumftances clearly laid 
down to us, and our making a few neceffary Remarks up- 
on them, from the Lights of Reafon and Experience, we 
(hall be as v/ell prepared as we can defire for the perufai 
of the remaining Part of this Work, and be capable of 
entering fully into the Spirit and Meaning of it. We 
ihall fee how far we have Reafon to exped, that modem 
Writers fhould agree, and how far we may fuppofe, they 
muft differ from, the Authors of Antiquity, tho’ writing 
of the fame Places, and of the fame People. We cannot 
but believe, that in the great Points of Government, and 
what may be called the Exteriors of a Conftitution, there 
muft be ftill a very apparent Likenefs between the anci- 
ent Indians and the moderns, becaufe thefe are things per- 
manent in their Nature, as we fee in the Cuftoms of the Jews 
and other Nations. Accordingly we find, that as to their 
Divifion into Tribes, their Form of Government, and 
their ordinary Manner of Living, the modern Indians re- 
ferable thofe defcribed by the Ancients fo much, that there 
can be no manner of Doubt of their being the fame Peo- 
ple, or of the Truth of thofe Relations that are delivered 
to us from the moft early'Times. 
In the next Place, we find the Religion of the Indians 
exadly in that Situation in which we might exped it, that 
is, exceedingly altered and corrupted, intermixed with, 
many Notions, Fables and Ceremonies, taken from the 
Dodrines maintained by the feveral Nations with whom 
they have fince converfed. Laftly, in refped to Trade, 
the Inhabitants of the Indies appear very much changed 
from what they were, but changed in a Manner very fuit- 
able to the Accidents that have befallen that Nation. 
They have no longer that Openneft and Freedom in their 
Dealings, that Juftice and Integrity in the Performance of 
their Contrads, that Regularity in their Proceedings, or 
that ftrid regard for their Words, which heretofore ren- 
dered them famous ; but they are to this Day induftrious 
and indefatigable, excellent in the feveral Manufadures to 
which they apply themfelves, and more attentive than ever 
to the concealing thofe Secrets which relate to them. 
The Commodities, and the wrought Goods of this Coun- 
try, are fuch as perfedly correfpond with the ancient Ac- 
counts of them; fo that taking things altogether, there is 
as much Affinity between the old and the new Relations of 
this Country, and its Inhabitants, as the foregoing Parti- 
culars attentively confidered, we can poffibly require. 
The Subjed, as it has been hitherto purfued, has lead 
us into Abundance of troublefome Digreffions, fome per- 
plexed and abftrufe Inquiries, and through Roads into 
If T?! 6 R f ver Ait °A Ck IS f Ik tle Sfcr< f ni, as it is reprefented in fome Maps, which divides the Provence of Labor from that of Peifhor but in Truth 
4tn! aR f d rap u id Rlver v whlch is fordable only in one Place, which is defended by a ftrong Caftle, called the Caftle of Attack So that by 
n„“ 'A five! c8t ° ff from tiie M °S ul ’ s Empire,' and annex’d to that of Perfm, the Eaftern Boundary of which l 
Numb, 45.: 
8 F 
which 
