Chap, II, Eftahlijhment of the Dutch EafWndia Company , 941 
Fruit ; but in other Roads, they are fupplied with thefe 
things from the Factories on Shore. They- have none 
who have the Title or Pay of Captain at Sea, and the 
Commodores are very few, fometimes not more than one 
in India. 
The Minifters Pay and Allowance ftand thus, viz. fir ft 
the Predicant, or Preacher’s Pay and Diet, the fame as the 
Upper-copeman’s. The fecond Dominees, orVifitors of the 
Sick, twenty-four Guilders -per menfem , as the Affiftant. 
The Minifters are all fworn not to write of, nor intermed- 
dle with any Matter relating to the Affairs of the State, 
or Commerce. In all Governments they are allowed a 
Prefident, and in Batavia two or three to fpare, in cafe 
of Mortalities. In all Directions they have no Dominees, 
only read the Scriptures, and printed Forms of Prayer, 
Mornings, Evenings, and Sundays. With them the Sur- 
geon’s Pay is from forty to fifty Guilders -per menfem. 
17. In all Qualities from Under-affiftant to Upper- 
copeman, they generally ferve five Years, and fome but 
three, as they agree j which Term being expired, if they 
pleafe, they may quit the Service ; but they are ufually 
continued, and upon their Petitions, if they are deferving, 
and the Company’s Occafions require, the Governor and 
Council entertain them again, to the next Degree they 
ferved in before, and for fuch Terms for Salary, &c. as 
they find them deferving within the fettled Salary of each 
Degree ; but on any Merit in Service, they are often pre- 
ferred from one, Degree to another, though they have not 
ferved fix Months in a Station j fo that upon Account of 
Merit, fome have rifen in two or three Years from Affif- 
tant to Under-copeman, and .others, in as little Time, 
from Under-copeman to Upper-copeman ; in this they 
have refpedl to Succession, as if a Chief, or Second of a 
Fadtory dies, and the Third performs the Bufmefs of the 
Place to Content, tho’ he be but a Book-keeper, for that 
Service he fhall be an Under-Copeman, and Chief of the 
Place ; and as he gives further Content, a Copeman in 
one or two Years more. Married Perfons receive all their 
Pay in India , and the unmarried but half theirs at an 
Over-rate : As at Batavia , the Rix-doilar is valued at fix- 
ty Stivers, which is worth but forty-eight, and at Policat , 
the Pagoda is valued, at five and an half Guilders, which is 
really worth but four and half j but this is in a Way of 
Regulation, as they fay, upon Complaint of it to the Go- 
vernor. 
The Company find all their Servants Accommodations 
for Lodgings, for which, and Warehoufes, they have fpa- 
” clous Buildings in all their Factories. All, or moft Per- 
fons fent out of Europe , are of the Qualities from Affiftant 
to Upper-copeman, feldom in a higher Degree; fome- 
times they may be of the extraordinary Council : But fuch, 
and all others, are left to the General and Council at Ba- 
tavia. , to be difpofed of in Employments according to their 
Qualities or Abilities, who give them Preferment as they 
merit. Such Perions as are of Capacity, may gradually 
rife by Time of Service to the Quality of Upper-cope- 
man, but they muft ftand there, and cannot rife higher, 
till they are made Command ores. When Directions or 
Governments fall vacant, an Upper-copeman, capable of 
being made Governor, Director, or Commandore, gene- 
rally iucceeds ; and fome have been fifteen or twenty Years 
Upper-copeman, before they have been put into any of 
thole Places : Some ftand there, and rife no higher, and 
many never come to that, but remain in lower Degrees, 
according to their Capacities. 
All Perfons in thole Degrees or Qualities, precede one 
another,, according to their Seniorities and Standings in 
the fame Degree, or that are of the fame Profeffion/ As 
the firft Affiftant precedes all others that are made af- 
ter him ; fo like wife a Copeman made this Month, pre- 
cedes him that is made a Month after ; but the Profeffion 
of the Merchant (or as they commonly term it, the Pen) 
hath the Preference of all others, and he that is an Up- 
per-copeman in that Quality, precedes all others/ whether 
Preachers, Soldiers or Seamen (as is faid before) tho 5 they 
may be his Seniors in the fame Degree. 
All thefe Salaries and Wages for Merchants, Soldiers, 
Seamen, and others, go on for their outward bound and 
home Voyages, and every one has a Copy of his Accounts 
Numb. 64. ■ 
4 
out of the Book of Wages, every Year, which he keeps, 
or carries Home with him, or fells to another ; and when 
he returns to the Chamber from whence he was fent, he is 
punctually paid the Ba fiance of his Account, together with 
what is due for the Term of the Voyage ; and fuch as 
have ferved out their whole Time, and defire to be Free- 
men in India , fell their Accounts, or fend Letters of P»- 
curation Home, upon Sight of which they are paid ; fo 
that neither the Company, nor their Servants, have ever 
any Trouble in adj lifting their Accounts. 
Thefe Freemen are fuch as have ferved out their Time, 
and are then cleared of the Company’s Service, and ful- 
lered to live in the Country, or fuch as of late have been 
permitted, or encouraged to come out of Europe, on their 
own Accounts. They are always obliged to have Fami- 
lies, and Jive in garrifoned Towns, and in their Planta- 
tions on the Spice Hands, where they are allowed to trade 
too and fro in Provifions of all Sorts, and other Commo- 
dities, where the Company do not trade, and fometimes 
where they do trade, with the General’s and Council’s Li- 
cence, even in the Company’s Commodities : This being 
their Policy, that the Benefit of fome Trades may not be 
loft, but referved to the Company, when they are fo con- 
fiderable, as to be worth their minding, or will be at the 
Charges of a Factory. All Freemen perform the publick 
Offices of the Towns, and take their Turns to watch and 
ward as in the Netherlands , none excepted. 
18. The firft ordinary Council of India is chofen by the 
Bewinthehers , or Directors? out of fuch of their Servants, 
as have ferved the Company as Governors, or Directors, 
and none under thofe Qualities; by which Means their 
head Council confifts of Men of Eftates, and Experience . 
in the Bufinels of all Parts of India. The extraordinary 
Council are alio nominated by the Bewinthehers , and they, 
when they are at Batavia, fit with the General and Coun- 
cil, but have no other Vote than one of Advice. Several 
of the Diredtors and Governors are of the extraordinary 
Council, and there is a late Order, that three of the ex- 
traordinary Council fhal! always refide at Batavia. By 
another Order of late, all of the ordinary Council are to 
refide there likewife, and not to remove from thence, but 
upon Bufinefs of great Importance; and the General, and 
Director Genera], are not to remove upon any Oeccafton 
whatever. 
There are often Boxes, fent out of Europe with private 
Diredtions, which are fealed, and ordered not to be open- 
ed but on extraordinary Accidents, as in cafe of the Ge- 
neral’s deceafe, or other Occafions of great Moment, 
which keeps the great ones in Awe of each other. The 
General hath Power in a particular Commiffion to himfeif, 
to lend Home any one Perfon of the ordinary Council 
when he thinks fit, that fir all not behave himfeif well to- 
wards him, and to take to himfeif what Salaries, and 
other Allowances he thinks proper, which the great Mat- 
zuyker caufed to be read on fome Clafhing of the Council 
at Batavia. 
The General, and all the ordinary Council, the Secre- 
tary, the Major, the Upper-copeman, called the two 
chief Fadtors, and the Upper-copeman, who keeps the 
general Books of Accounts, live within . the Fort, or 
Caftle, with their Wives and Family, in Apartments fitted 
according to their Offices and Places. The General and 
Council are fo near together, becaufe of all Letters being 
opened and read in the Council, that often fits in an Even^ 
ing, after Prayers, and never miffes upon Sundays , for an 
Hour to difpatch Imall Bufmefs, Petitions and Complaints, 
and twice a Weeie conftantly, Puejdays and Fridays , at 
Four o’clock in the Afternoon, about managing the Com- 
pany’s Bufinefs. The Secretary has good Accommoda- 
tion, and large Offices to write in ; the Major lives in the 
the Fort to receive Orders from the General, and to affift 
him in the Government of his Soldiers, and the two chief 
Fadtors are near the Second, or Diredlor- General, who 
has the moft laborious Employment, having the Care of 
all Ships, Goods, Treafures, and Stores, and prooofes all 
Voyages and Cargoes, 1 
Thefe two Upper-copemen, whom they call Fadtors of 
the Caftle of Batavia , are his Affiftants, to examine Ac- 
counts, and Advices, and thereupon draw up Lifts, and 
n G Calcula- 
