Grits. The Ladstone, a prominent weathered escarpment of Rough Rock, 
is on the eastern side from Triangle, while on the west, the summit of Crow 
Hill (1258 ft.) is capped by the flags found at the base of the Rough Rock. 
Coming down the hillsides the four grit bands formerly grouped together 
as the third Grits, but now known by the specific titles applied by the recent 
re-Survey, are exposed in various parts of the valley. Above Ripponden the 
Kinderscout Grit appears and becomes prominent up on the moors. Several 
faults cross the valley — one just on the north (or Triangle) side of Ripponden 
Church and one just north of Triangle station, well displayed in the railway 
cutting. Fossils are not frequently found. The moors, particularly 
Ringstone Edge and parts of Blackstone Edge, have yielded numerous flint 
implements and chippings to the collections of Mr. Barratt, Mr. Priestley 
and others. 
BIRDS. — Mr. H. Thornton writes : — In and around Ripponden, in the 
woods, may be seen the Wood Warbler, Spotted Flycatcher, Stock Dove, 
Wood Pigeon, Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Sparrow Hawk, Kestrel, Tawny 
Owl and occasionally the Long-eared Owl. On the moorlands above, the 
following nest each year : — Dunlin, Golden Plover, Redshank, Mallard, 
and about five miles distant is a colony of Black -headed gulls. 
Within easy distance of Ripponden are also Merlin, Twite, Ring Ouzel, 
Dipper and Grey Wagtail which all nest regularly, and in 1932 three pairs 
of Short -eared Owl nested, each in close proximity to nesting Merlin. 
FLOWERING PLANTS. — Mr. E. Hallowell gives the following list 
of trees which may be found on the park land between Triangle and 
Ripponden. (Morning excursion).- — Variegated Maple (possibly a periclinal 
chimaera), Hornbeam, Norwegian Maple, London Plane and Pyrus aria. 
Many interesting flowering plants are found in the bogs on the right bank 
of the stream, and Myrica Gale is found on the moors. 
The river banks offer the usual flowering plants of industrial valleys. 
At Rishworth occurs Convallavia majalis, which, however, will not be in 
flower. 
There used to be two stations for Trollius europceus, but I believe one 
of them has been destroyed in the new waterworks excavations. A remark- 
able addition to our flora was made some years ago by the appearance high 
up the Ryburn Valley of Claytonia siberica. This plant now occupies 
considerable ground for many miles down the Ryburn and Lower Calder 
Valleys, and may be seen in many cottage gardens. 
MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS.— Mr. E. Hallowell gives the following 
lists as being typical : — Mosses : Webera nutans Hedw., Ceratodon purpureas 
Brid., Bryum argentum L., Barbula rubella Mitt., B. Convoluta Hedw., 
Fissidens bryoides Hedw., Tortula muralis Hedw. Liverworts: Gymnocolea 
inflata H., Lophocolea bidentata L., Lophozia floerkii Weber et Mohr., and 
Conocephalus conicus. 
LICHENS. — Mr. W. E. L. Wattam writes: — The impure atmosphere 
is responsible for only the hardiest species continuing to exist. Amongst 
those which may be expected to be met with are Evernia furfuracea Mann . , 
Cetraria glauca Ach., Parmelia physodes Ach., P. fuliginosa Nyl., P. 
omphalodes Ach., Xanthoria parietina Th. Fr., Candelariella vitellina Mull- 
Arg., Lecnanora muralis Schaer., L. varia Ach., L. conizcea Nyl., L. galactina 
Ach., L. polytropa Schaer., Cladonia gracilis Willd., C. coccifera Willd., 
Lecidia granulosa Schaer., L. contigua Fr., and Bilimbia sabuletorum B. and R. 
ECOLOGY. — Dr. T. W. Woodhead writes : — Ripponden is in a typical 
Millstone Grit Valley, the River Ryeburn has cut deeply through a succession 
of sandstones and shales from the Rough Rock, through the Middle Grits 
down to the Kinderscout Grit in the bed of the stream. The outcrops of 
(xv) [P.T.O. 
