FOREST AND STREAM, 
SSSSSSSHS 
lionerv objects flouting toward him. My comrade assured 
S"S there were plenty of ducks among those branches, 
Sd soon iis statemeSt was verified At last the distrustful 
duck became more and more so, until, at last, with a quack . 
quack !" she rose from the water. There immediately fol- 
h)wed such a whirring, splashing and quacking as only an 
immense flock of ducks can produce when startled from the 
watir. Out rang four shots into the air, and down fell, with 
a splash, six of the finest mandrakes I ever saw. On we 
drilted, every few minutes scaring up either a flock, a pair, 
or a stray bird, which, if 1 failed to hit, my compamou would 
invariably cause to halt. This continued until near mid-day, 
after which we scarcely saw a duck till about sunset. when 
up they started from all directions, and with shooting and 
picking up our birds, we had plenty to do till we desisted, 
eager to come upon a house (which, by the way, were scat- 
tered at the distance of about ten miles from each ; other;, 
where we might lodge for the night. * inally, we landed near 
by an old log cabin, which, in its time, must have been very 
fashionable. A slight rain had just set in, and, tired . and hun- 
cry, you may l>e assured that we relished the pork, beans and 
pie? which were our “bill of fare’’ for supper. After a 
?ound night's sleep, we woke up to find the run 
in- T . But we left uur lodgings at 0 a. >f., and proceeded on 
our hunt. It was during this rain that the breech-loadmc 
gun showed its superiority over the old muzzle-loader. I lia 
a pin-fire breech-loading gun, while my compamon had an 
ordinary muzzle-loader, and lie was forced (although he took 
evciv precaution to keep the nipples dry) to be content with 
watching me shoot. After having drifted about sixty miles 
and bagged fifty-two mallards (we killed about twice that 
number' but the current of the river prevented our stopping 
to pick them up), we at last reached the place of our destina- 
tion, a small railroad station called London. There we hailed 
the cars and were quickly taken hack to Knoxville, where we, 
along with the ducks, were most warmly welcomed by our 
friends. L. C. V. 
MIGRATION OF FISHES. 
I 
THE LAKE REGION OF FLORIDA. 
We present this week the second letter of our observant 
jorrespondent, describing a portion of Florida seldom visited 
>r referred to by letter writers. There are very many of our 
■eaders to whom the information herein imparted, as to the 
flimate and agricultural resources as well as the sporting iu 
lucements, will he of much value. We have been twice 
over this country, and can testify to its attractions to the hun- 
ter and settler : 
Lake Region, March 3, 1879. 
We lett Waldo Tuesday morning, Feb. 2fi, for a few days’ trip through 
the Lake Region. Striking off in a siuih-east course. In about three 
tours we arrived at Gen. Earl’s place on the Santa Fe Lake. 11c has a 
pretty location on the banks of the lake, with quite a number of orange 
trees in bearing, also a grove of younger ones well started. Two hours 
more of rather a tiresome walk, our road belug sandy, brought ns to 
Melrose, a new settlement, at the lower end of Santa Fe. 
The land In and around Melrose U rather high and rolling, as Is the 
land generally In this region; the soil light and sandy, but, I should 
suppose, well adapted for fruit growing. Here frost is a'most un- 
known, and vegetation is much more forward than at the places we 
have seen along the line of railroad. I think Melrose will grow fast, 
and in a few years will be quite a town. It seems to have many advan- 
tages, being high and healthy ; also its location on the lake Is tine. San- 
ta Fe Latte is a line body of clear water, six miles long, two to four 
wide, abounding In Osh-black bass, pike, perch, bream, etc. Large 
flacks of ducks make this their winter home. In fact, this whole Lake 
Region, about thirty-five miles long by sixteen wide, abounds In flsh 
and game, aDd the sportsman would be amply repaid for a few weeks 
visit I think. We slopped at Melrose to spend the night, Intending to 
take up our line of March in the mornlDg. We sleep in a log cabin 
(for the novelty), and on awaking In the morning I take a look out of a 
crack which runs very accommodatingly by my head, and And that It is 
ralnlDg very Boftly, bnt as Florida rain, like New York rain, Is wet, we 
conclude to pass the day with our cards and pipes, which we do veiy 
satisfactorily. , . .. 
Thursday morn Is bright and clear — a beautlfol day— and we bnckle 
on our armor and start off In good spirits. We are hound for Mr. 
Wall’s, on Fleasaot Lake, eight miles South and East of Melrose. We 
have a sandy road and must take It easy, for we are In a Southern clime 
and nobody .hurrys here. The sand here makes walking very weari- 
some ; besides my boots are too heavy for this part of the country, 
and when Wall’s house comes In view, we are glad. But It Is all right 
Boon, for we are sittlDg In the shady porch, fanned by a cool wind 
from the lakes, and all the troubles we ever bad are forgotten for a 
while. We have struck Jost the right kind of a man and family and 
house for our headquarters. Mr. B. Wall has lived here about ten 
years between two lakeB, both In sight ; owns many acres of land 
about him ; has a small grove of orange trees In bearing, a larger one 
of young trees, with considerable land under cultivation, and I have 
seen do better place for the sportsman and Invalid than his. He Is a 
hearty, genial, whole-souled man, a keen sportsman, a good fisherman, 
always ready for a tramp after deer or a day on the lake ; and when 
you bring In your game or flsb, just hand It over to hls wife, and when 
yon next see It If it Is not spread before yon in moat tempting array, 
then 1 am a poor Judge of such matters. 
Yesterday we took a little tramp in the woods.' We saw nine deer In 
the distance, with plenty of signs. Our plans are all laid for a deer 
hunt with the dogs next week, of which I will give yon a brief account 
in due time. We have tried the Ashing. It Is superb. Yon can catch 
black baas uni 11 yon are fairly tired of fishing. They average six 
pounds ; run as high as ten and over. This region Is full of lakes, and 
by getting upon some slight elevation one can see two and three from 
the same place, and they all abound in Osh and game, duck, geese and 
brant being plenty In their seasons. I notice In every Utile brook by 
the wayside, and In pools of standing water, multitudes of little fish, 
showing that the water is pure instead of stagnant, a? one would sup- 
pose. and as it would be with us North. But I am making this U» long. 
Will let yon know about our deer hunt. 
Yours, Chas. O. Gladwin. 
Buckskin Jacket.— Messrs. Holberton & Co., of 117 Fulton et., 
lew York, have made a Jacket that will be a great boon to sports- 
ieD and others who are exposed to the weather. The jacket is 
lade of genuine Indian smoke-tanned buckukin, lined with flannel; 
» very etiODg, durable and perfectly wind proof ; under a coat it 
loes away with the necessity of wearing a heavy overcoat or thick, 
,nlkv underclothing, and being very soft and pliable, will not in- 
.erfere with the movemente of the Bhooter .— See advertisement. 
BY J. BROWN GOODE-READ BEFORE THE AMERICAN Kish CUL- 
TURAL ASSOCIATION. 
T was formerly believed that all seasonal migration was 
* directed toward and from the equator, but zoologists of 
the present day recognize another kind of migration quite as 
important, although not usually so extended Att^ApproacU 
of the hot season in sub-tropical climates the birds seek a cooler 
temperature, either by flying northward or by ascending the 
high mountains. In like manner the fishes of any region may 
find water of suitable temperature by moving north or south 
alone the shores of the continent, or by changing to waters ot 
less or greater depth. The former may he called littoral migra- 
tion and the latter batbic migration. 
Bathic migration is the most common. The cod family, the 
halibut and flounders, the scuppaug, tautog, sea bass and scul- 
pins are well known examples. The cod prefers a temperature 
of from 35 deg. to 42 deg. F., and this it secures in a tempe- 
rate climate, such as that of Southern New England, by 
remaining on the off-shore bauks in 15 to 35 fathoms ol water, 
coming near the shore in winter. On the coasts of Labrador, 
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Eastern Maine, they are near 
the shcre in summer, and in deep water in winter. In Norway 
the fish are caught to some extent in the fiords 
season, though never in the winter. Iu summer they 
main on the off-shore banks. The halibut move up and down 
on the sides of the great oceanic banks aDd lh % continental 
slopes with the seasonal changes of temperature. In the sum- 
mer they are abundant in the shallows of South Greenland, 
while in winter they are out in deep water. _ On the coast of 
Massachusetts they come near the shore only in dead “Winter, 
though abundant in summer on the edges of the oulMde banks 
in 80 to 300 fathoms of water. The sand-dabs 
Umandoides) are abundant in J u!y, in water of 60 and 80 
fathoms, ten miles off Cape Ann. In the middle of winter 
they swarm upon the sand-flats in 2 or 3 fathoms depth. 
The Spanish mackerel, the bonito and the tunnies are good 
examples of the nomadic species. In the summer they throng 
our northern waters ; in the winter they are under the tropics. 
Others, like the sea herring, appear to migrate in both ways. 
Their movements are both parallel with and vertical to the 
coast line. The researches of Boeck in Norway show that the 
schools approach the coast by gullies or submarine valleys 
from the oceanic depths. Such was doubtless the case on our 
coast, in their earliest approaches, but after having reached 
the shallows near the shore, the schools range along great 
stretches of coast line. Since fishes have no restrictions upon 
their movements, except those of food and temperature, all 
active species must traverse areas of many hundreds of miles 
during the year. , , . , 
The tendency of all the researches made during the past lew 
years have been to confirm the views advanced by Professor 
Baird, in an unpublished letter, written in 1873, to the Hon. 
Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State. “ The question in regard 
to the migration of fishes is one that has attracted the atten- 
tion of Lpth fishermen and naturalists for manv years past, 
and a great deal of eloquence has been expended by Pennant 
and other writers in their history of herring and other species. 
For many years it was considered beyond question that the 
sea herring, having their homes in the Northern Seas, were in 
the habit of prosecuting extensive journeys, in the course of 
which they successively visited the shores of Europe and 
America, penetrating into their bays and sounds, and return- 
ing afterward to the point from which they started ; the adults 
decimated by the predaceous fishes and their capture by man, 
but their numbers kept up by the progeny, the result of their 
spawning operations, for which purpose it was supposed their 
journeys were initiated. In the same manner the shad and the 
fresh water herriug of the American coast were supposed to 
start in the late winter aloDg the southern coast of the United 
States in a huge columa, the herring first, and afterward the 
shad, first entering the St. John's River iu Florida, and while 
passing up the coast, sending off detachments into all the 
principal rivers, and finally stopping in about the latitude of 
the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
T1 is theory is at present almost entirely abandoned, and 
there is reason to believe that after the herring and shad have 
spawned in the rivers they proceed to sea, and spend the pe- 
riod until their next anadromous movement in the immediate 
vicinity of the mouths of the rivers, where they are followed, 
in due course of time, by their young. 
This is illustrated by the fact that fish of nearly every 
prominent river show some peculiarities by which both the 
fish dealer and the naturalist can distinguish them ; the differ- 
ence not being sufficient to constitute a specific rank, hut such 
as to mark them os local races. Numerous captures, too, in Gill 
nets and otherwise, off the northern coast, during the period 
when they should be gathered together in the southern waters, 
prove that a portion at least remain. It is difficult to imagine 
how a shad or a river herriDg, spawned in the St. Lawrence river 
or any northern stream, could avoid entering a more southern 
river, if in its vicinity ; but if any fact has been well estab- 
lished of late years in the history of fishes, it is that the anad- 
romous fish, or such as run up the rivers from the sea to 
spawn, will return, if possible, to the river in which they first 
saw the light. So true is this, that where there may be two 
or three rivers entering the sea in close proximity, which have 
become destitute of 6had or herring, in consequence of long 
continued obstructions, and the central one only has been re- 
stocked by artificial means, the fish, year by year, will enter 
that stream, while those adjacent on either side will continue 
as barren of fish as before. 
INFLUENCE OF OCEAN TEMPERATURE ON MENHADEN. 
The influence of ocean temperature on the menhaden is not 
at all well understood, and I can here record only crude gen- 
eralization founded upon very unsatisfactory data. I have 
before me three tables showing the variation of temperature 
by monthly means for Key West, Fla; Jacksonville, Fla.; 
Suvanah, Ga.; Charleston, S. C.; Wilmington, N. C.; Norfolk, 
Ya.; Baltimore, Md.; New York city; New London, Conn.; 
Woods Holl, Mass.; Portland, Me.; and Eastport, Me. Table 
I. shows the monthly means of surface temperature, table II. 
the temperature at the bottom near the shore, and table III. 
the average means of surface and bottom temperatures. The 
observations were all made at 3 p. m., and are continuous 
from March 1, 1876, to March 1, 1877. They are reproduced 
in appendix F. There is also a table of the daily observa- 
tions of temperatures at the same stations. A study of these 
tables, which for convenience were mapped out m curves 
on section paper, affords some interesting results. 
MINIMUM REQUIRED. 
The monthly mean of surface temperatures at Eastport is 
greatest in September, when it is 50 deg. 0 m., while the 
highest daily observation is 51 deg. 5 m. I lie menhaden do 
uot visit Eastport in midsummer. Let us divide the monthly- 
averages for May, at Portland, into quarterly periods. I he 
Sew for May lOlh to 23.1 is 47 deg. 1 m.; for May 24th to- 
oi-t ic flrg The quarterly month averages for October are 
53 deg. 8 m.f 50 deg. 8 m , 47 deg. 9 m ,48 deg. 8 m. 
The schools of menhaden arrive in Eastern Maine late in 
Mav and early in June, and depart usually before the middle 
of October. At Woods Holl the quarter-month’s averages for 
May, as taken by the signal service observer, are 48 deg. 2 m. 
49 deg. G m., 53 deg. 1 m., and 57 deg. 6m., approximately, 
or the monthly average, 52 deg. 3 m. These observations are 
made iu the Great Harbor at the railroad wharf Another 
series of observations, made by Captain Edwards for the 
Light-House Board, iu the Little Harbor, are believed to ra- 
dicate more nearly the temperature of the Vineyard Sound. 
These however, are only for bottom. The difference be- 
tween’the monthly mean of bottom temperatures for May, at 
the two stations, is almost two degrees (1 (leg. 8 m.) the 
figures being 51 deg. 5 m. for Great Harbor ; for Little Har- 
bor 53 deg. 3 m. 'it docs not seem assuming too much to 
nlace the quarter-mouth average for the first half of May at 50 
deg aud 51 deg. 4 m. For November the Great Harbor quar- 
ter-month means are 51 deg. 51 deg. 47 deg. 7 m. 43 deg. 3. 
The menhaden strike into Vineyard Sound early in May or 
late in April, and linger until November and even December. 
At New London the quarter-monthly averages for the last 
half of April and the first half of May are 49 deg., 4s deg. 5 in 
52 deg 5 m ' 54 deg. 5 m ; for late October, 55 deg. 2 m., 54 
deg 9 m ; for November, 53 deg. 5 m., 51 deg. 1 in., 48 deg. 
1 m 40 deg 1 m. The fish come on the eastern coast of Con- 
necticut late in April, and are frequently taken as late as the 
middle of November. The temperatures of New London 
suggest that there may be something in error in the Woods 
IIoll observations, so far as they indicate the temperature 
of the ocean in its vicinity. The periods of appearance and 
disappearance at Waquoit and Meuemsha, in the Vineyard 
Sound agree nearly with those of Eastern Connecticut. The 
temperature of the Chesapeake must he studied from the ob- 
servations made at Baltimore and Norfolk. At the latter 
place the April means are 52 deg., 56 deg 5 m., 61 deg. 2 m., 60 
1U1 IVJYULUQU , Ulg. W Ul., 'JU 
deg. fra., 50 deg., 47 deg. At Norfolk the averages for the 
last half of March are 43 deg. aud 50 deg. 
The movements of the menhaden in these waters liavp not 
been very carefully observed, hut we know that they enter 
the Potomac late in March and early in April, and that they 
linger till the last of November. In 1874 the young menhaden 
lingered in the lower Potomac until the middle of December. 
In 1876 the average for December surface temperatures at 
Norfolk was 36 deg. 8 m. ; for bottdm temperatures, 36 deg. 
4 m. In 1874 the average surface temperature for December 
at Norfolk was 43 deg., or 6 deg. 4 m. higher than in 1876— 
the year for which our tables of observations is made up. 
The average for Norfolk surface temperature in November 
was, in 1876, 53 deg. 4 m ; in 1874, 55 deg. 1 rn., or 1 deg. 7 
m. higher. It is quite probable that in 1874 the water of the 
lower Potomac did not become colder than 50 deg. until De- 
cember. At Wilmington the monthly means of bottom tem- 
peratures in 1870 anil 1877 were, for December, 43 deg. 1 m. ; 
January, 43 deg ; February, 48 deg. 5 m. Iu 1874 and 1875: 
December, 48 deg. 1. m.; January, 43 deg. 8 m.; February, 
45 deg. 5 m. December, 1876, was unusually cold, the mean 
temperatures of the air being 46 deg. 3 m., against 59 deg. 1 
m. for the same month in 1874. January and February of 
1874 were relatively cold, the air temperature being 48 deg. 
1 m. aud 53 deg. 1 m., against 57 deg. 1 m. aud 52 deg. 5 m. 
in 1876. The surface quarter month-averages for the last half 
of February, 1877, are 49 deg. 1 m., 50 deg. 5 m.; for the first 
half of March, 1876, 52 deg. 6 m., 57 deg. /for late November 
and early December, 1876, 57 deg. 1 m., 53 deg. 6 m., 46 deg. 
6 m., 45 deg. 3 m. 
No observations have been made upon the movements of 
the menhaden at Wilmington. At Beaufort, 30 miles further 
north, they appear to be absent during the winter. It is much 
to he regretted that there are no temperature observations 
from Cape Hatteras. The relations of this locality to the 
Gulf Stream are peculiar, and corresponding peculiarities in 
the temperatures no doubt exist. The hundred-fathom curve 
is distant about 40 miles from the point of the Cape, and the 
average summer limits of the Gulf Stream, a9 laid down upon 
the British Admiralty charts, extend nearly to this curve. 
The observations made at Wilmington, situated as it is in a 
bend of the coast, at least 100 miles from the summer limits 
of the Gulf Stream, and at the mouth of a river which rise3 
200 miles away in the elevated central portion of North Caro- 
lina, can hardly he taken ns criteria of the temperature of 
Cape Hatteras. Tbi9 is still more unfortunate from the fact 
thut the movements of the menhaden, blue-fish, sea-trout and 
other warm-water species, are very peculiar at this point. It 
will he straDge if the monthly mean of water temperature for 
Cape Hatteras, in December, and perhaps January, does not 
prove to he more than 50 deg. Savannah is at least 120 miles 
from the Gulf Stream, and its means for December and Janu- 
ary, 1870—1877, as well as those of Charleston, are below 60 
deg. Charleston water appears to be uniformly warmest. In 
1874, December, in Charleston, averaged 48 deg. 8 m ; in 
1875, January averaged 50 deg. 2 m. The movements of the 
menhaden in this region have not been observed, hut 9ince in 
the north it is not more hardy than the shad, and since the 
shad do not venture into the Georgia and Carolina rivers in 
December, it is safe to predict that the habits of the menha- 
den are similar. Jacksonville Fla., is the only point on the 
coast from which there are observations showing a tempera- 
ture uniformly above 51 deg., and here menhaden remain 
throughout the winter. 
( To be continued.) 
Connecticut.— The Staffordville reservoir has been stocked 
with 10,000 land-locked salmon. 
Fisn Culture in Michigan and Indiana. — Editor Forest 
and Stream : In your issue of February 14, I noticed that you 
mentioned a shipment of 25,000 salmon ova from the Govern- 
ment Hatcheries to the Michigan State Hatchery at this P‘ a ‘ 
Inasmuch as you did not mention the kind of salmon ova - 
ceiveil, nor any previous shipment received from the 
source! I will state that the 25,000 mentioned by you were a 
