FOREST AND STREAM 
63 
< Sturgeon. Accipenser ruthenus. 
} Burbot, Lota vulgarit. 
32 | Arnaul, or Schill, Bicioperca tandra. 
\ 
r Eel, Anguilla vulgaris. 
. Pike, Esox hieing. 
42 ■' Salmon, TYuttasalar. 
Salmon, or pike trout, Trutta lacwttr u. 
I Sea trout, Trutta trutta. 
r0 ( Salmon, Salma hurho. 
I Shad, Silurix glani*. 
The same restrictions should apply as a matter of course 
to all of these fishes when spawning, or in a weak state, 
as well as to crabs less than ten centimetres in length. 
Should such fishes (the catching of which is altogether, 
or at a particular time, forbidden) be accidentally caught, 
they should be replaced in the water immediately. 
The following fish must not be caught during these in- 
tervals, or if caught they must be replaced in the water:— 
October and November, salmon and sea trout; November, 
Bodenrenke; November and December, brook and river 
trout Renke and salmon; December, rulten; March and 
April, a-sche; April, liuchen; April and May, river bass 
scliicle, and pike; May uud June, carp, barbel, bream, and 
sturgeon ; June, waller, walse, andgareisel; July, tench. 
Catching crabs is forbidden from October 1st till April 
30th. Nets, bownets, fish pots, and all similar arrange- 
ments for the catching of a particular kind of fish must be 
removed or be made inoperative for the season, during 
which such fish are protected by law. The catching of all 
other fish, not particularly mentioned, by means of nets of 
any kind is also forbidden, as well as the removal of spawn 
or the young brood from the waters, and the removal of the 
sfiuwn from the female. 
In aid of pisciculture and the transplanting from one body 
of water to another, as well as for food of those fish sought 
to be raised, the removal of the spawn and the catching of 
smaller fish may bo permitted with special permission of 
the authorities. The use of spawn or young for other pur- 
poses is forbidden. 
These regulations are applicable to neighboring bodies of 
water, and only to such extent as they are practised in nu 
adjoining State. 
REGULATIONS OF TIIE MARKET. 
Such fish, the catchiug of which is restricted absolutely 
or temporarily, must rot be shipped or sold by fishermen, 
nor others. This should also apply to the use of such fish 
in eating houses. 
Such fish as may be caught for scientific purposes during 
the time they are so protected, and such fish as are taken 
from ponds, (to which these regulations do not apply when 
connected with another body of water,) or such fish as 
were scientifically raised, can only be offered for sale dur- 
ing the specified time, when they arc accompanied by evi- 
dence from the proper authorities, who must specify the 
day they were caught and the bodies of water from which 
they were taken. 
PLACES WHERE PROTECTED. 
Of such bodies of water as may be of importance to pisi- 
culture, certain portions may be designated, appropriated 
or reserved by and with the sauctionof the authorities, and 
under the guidance of experts, for the purpose of spawn- 
ing. Such portions of the water may be designated by 
certain marks. At these places the catching of fish is to 
be entirely prohibited; and in the erection of water works 
engineers must be cautious not to injure such spawning 
grounds. 
At these places, during the time such fish are legally pro- 
tected, the removal of stones, sand, &c., the cutting away 
of grass, removal of trees and shrubs, and the catching of 
frogs, should be prohibited. Exceptions may be allowed 
in extraordinary cases by the authorities. Owners of tame 
ducks and geese are prohibited from permitting such to 
enter these waters. All those who are damaged by reason 
of the establishing of such spawning places are entitled to 
damages from the person for whose benefit thcj r were 
established. Any malicious or willful disturbance of the 
fish when spawning, or any injury to the apparatus for the 
culture or catching of fish is prohibited, and punishable ac- 
cording to law. 
All persons are further prohibited from throwing or per- 
mitting to be thrown into such fishing grounds refuse or 
other matters, (sawdust, &c.,) which might injure the fish. 
Should, however, the interest of the State or commerce de- 
mand these fishing grounds as a repository for such refuse, 
then they may be used for that purpose with the consent of 
the authorities, but only after instituting precautionary 
measures for the protection of the fish. 
Should the fishing grounds be first used for the purpose 
of rcceiviug refuse, then the authorities may adopt sucli 
measures which shall prevent damage to the persons 
using them for this purpose. 
Costs may be charged as follows:— At the expense of the 
owner, when the necessary measures are relatively of little 
expense to his undertaking. By reimbursement on the part 
of the person desiring fishing franchises, whenever, such 
damage may be the result of peculiar circumstances, and 
those foreign *.o the purpose of the undertaking. 
Those possessing franchises, as well as superintendents, 
may have free ingress to all fishing grounds and bordering 
luiul8, upon making proper payment to the owner or 
owners; all enclosed improvements can, however, be entered 
only with the assent of the owner. 
When, in consequence of the overflow of fishing grounds, 
any fish or crabs may be found out of the regular grounds, 
no nets or other contrivances must be brought into use to 
prevent such fish or crabs from returning to the same. The 
owner of the overflowed lands possesses, however, the right 
of fishing outside of the regular fishing grounds, anu is 
also eutitled to damages from Those possessing franchises, 
so far as they make use of his lands. 
Persons entitled to fishing franchises cannot claim dam- 
ages for overflow, as riparian rights do not include rights 
of fishing, especially with reference to fishing in so-called 
mill ponds. 
At the erection of all new dams, sluices and other water 
works— so far os may be practicable— the builder should 
adopt such measures as would insure the free passage of 
fish ut the medium as well as at the lowest wateimurk. 
With the sanction of the authorities, and without hindrance 
to navigation and commerce, persons may be permitted to 
erect sluices, which prevent the passage «f fish. 
No one must prevent fish from passing through or over 
such places, or to catch .them while returning from the 
ppawuing grounds. Ow|ers of millways and artificial 
canals arc obliged, when letting of! the water, to notify the 
person holding the fishing franchise therein at least forty- 
eight hours in advance, and in urgent cases at once; and 
slionld there be more than one person, the nearest must be 
notified first. Every person holding such franchise is per- 
mitted to destroy in his grounds all birds of prey, fish-hawks 
and otters which may be obnoxious to him, and lie is also 
allowed to kill wild fowl, such ns geese and ducks at any 
time; und domesticated ducks and gecso when in choice 
fishing grouuds at spawning time, may be removed im- 
mediately. 
To sec that these laws are not violated demands the 
attention of our authority, so police and other officials are 
authorized to see to their preservation. 
Persons using unlawful contrivances for the capture of 
fish are to have their appurtenances confiscated the first 
time; and if they repeat the offence, their franchise is to 
be withdrawn temporarily, or for all time, as the authori- 
ties may see fit. 
J ■ 
Brewer’s Improved Scuute and Fishway.— T his fish- 
way, which was highly recommended at the late meeting 
of fish culturists in this city, is constructed in the bottom 
of a scliute of any desired width by means of timbers, so 
as to form either equilateral or isosceles triangles, forming 
a zigzag course, by which means the rise or grade in a 
stream, caused by either natural or artificial obstructions, 
is easily overcome. 
The water, as it enters the fishway, strikes it at an acute 
11ULIV| jlOLRIUg 1 u v O . 
rents arc formed. The ono over the top, and the other in 
the passage way formed by the angles. The upper end <>f 
the fish n ay extends into the dead water in the pool of the 
dam. The water enters the passage way between the angles 
with very little force or current, and being continually bro 
k*n by the augles in its descent it does not nccclerato its 
force; consequently the weakest fish or smallest minnow 
can ascend the fishway without difficulty. Fish can ascend 
il without stopping, or they may rest at any point in it. 
This fishway docs not form any pools or eddies, and there 
is sufficient pressure on the nose or head of a fish to incite 
it to move on. The passage way formed by the angles has 
sufficient current to keep il clear of sediment or dirt of any 
kind. The floating ice and driftwood forced down by 
freshets will float above and clear of the passage way for 
fish, consequently it cannot be injured by any such means 
and a triangular pier at the head of the fishway would 
turn cither floating ice or driftwood outsides of it. 
This fishway can lie constructed on a grade or rise of one 
foot in ter, on the face of the schute, with its zigzag course, 
making the ascent for fish very easy, the linoal distance 
short, and consequently cheapening the cost of construc- 
tion. The greater the volarac of water flowing over and 
through the fishway the more perfect will he its operation. 
NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OFTHE MAS- 
SACHUSETTS COMMISSIONERS ON 
INLAND FISHE RIES . 
W E are indebted to Air. E. A. Brackett for this valu- 
able report, in which is embodied everything of 
interest which has occupied the attention of the Massachu- 
setts commissioners for the past year. Early in the Spring, 
in company with the commissioners of Vermont, New 
Hampshire, and Connecticut, they assembled at Turner’s 
Falls to decide upon the best location for a fishway on the 
Connecticut River, and it was finally decided that by blast- 
ing a channel eighteen feel in width and three hundred 
feet long, on the island which divides the dam, the most 
feasible and least expensive plan would be to locate the fish 
way at that spot. After some difficulty, u satisfactory ar- 
rangement was arrived at with the Turner's Falls Com- 
pany, and it is now understood that by the 1st of May the 
work shall be so far progressed as to allow the easy passage 
of salmon over the dam. The plan of tho Holyoke fish- 
way was unanimously adopted. 
With the shad there has not been sufficient experience to 
render it equally certain; yet there is reason to belive that 
it would answer equally well for both species of fish '1 he 
commissioners did not understand nor expect that shad, or 
even salinou, would go over any fishway, if bred below 
and not abiveit. All migratory fish return to the place 
where they are hatched, provided there arc no insurmount- 
able obstacles in the way. This holds good whether there 
is or is not a dam across the stream or river. Even in an 
unobstructed river, migratory fish do not pass beyond their 
I spawning beds. In rivers where one or more branches are 
1 stocked with these fish, as is often the case, they pass up 
the main river until they reucli the branch, and ascend 
that, leaving the open river. Without this migratory law, 
the stock of particular rivers would be impossible, and this 
is one of the mest important axioms of fish culture. \\ lien 
the shad came last Spring to the foot of the Holyoke dam, 
where many of them still spawn, they passed directly oyer 
ibe mouth of the fishway, paying no attention to it. 1 his 
wus a great disappointment to many, who would not or 
could not see that the fish were bred below and hud no 
motive to go above. In part to satisfy these good people 
and partly to lest some experiments the commissioners had 
in view, a screen was placed across the foot of the fishway, 
and eighty shad were dipped up and put in the lower part 
of it. These fish, flndiug themselves out of their accus- 
tomed locality, tried to force a passage through the screen. 
Finding their way barred in that direction, they turned 
their heads to the current, and all that wore not hurt in 
dipping up passed through the fishway with more case than 
they had ascended the rapids below. 
Encouraging information has been receivod regarding 
the increase of the alewifo (A’a-w tyrannut), ami efforts 
made to restock the streams along tho coast. Tho advan- 
tage of the culture of these fish la not confined to the inoro 
question of profit, but also to the service they render in 
attracting the soa fish in shore. 
Over 6.000,000 shad spawn wore taken and distributed. 
With a view to obtaining reliable information regarding tho 
number of shad caught in nets, It is recommended that a 
law be passed requiring fishermen to report to the commis- 
sioners the number and variety so taken, and their market 
value, on or before the 1st day of September In each year. 
The hatching at South Hadley was continued under tho di- 
rection of Prof. Bainl and the Connecticut comniissloners, 
and the superintendence of Chas. Smith. Total catch of 
fish. 8,010; spawn, 44,680,000. 
The enforcement of the law for tho protection of smelts 
lias resulted in an immense Increase in the number of these 
fish— a godsend to numbers of people out of employment 
this Winter, who have been able to make a handsome live- 
lihood by catching them. As high as eighty dozen have 
been taken with a single rod in ono day. To tho Massa- 
chusetts Anglers’ Association (composed of several hun- 
dred of some of the most iolUionunl men In the Stale) 
mainly belongs tho credit of enforcing tho law for tUoir 
protection. 
The artificial hatching and rearing of trout continues 
with increasing interest. But muny who are engaged in 
this pursuit have experienced much disappointment and 
vexation inconsequence of a disease which attacks tho 
yi'im.; ir\ Mion aiier ihey heuiii t<i food, cnuilnn novere 
loss. This trouble does not arise from artificial fecunda- 
tion; for, if the eggs are perfectly ripe when taken from 
the female, there can ho no dilTeronco between Ibis method 
of impregnation und that produced in the ordinary way. 
The cause of this mortality is undoubtedly lurk of proper 
food; for trout, to be health v, should have not only ani- 
mal, but a curtain amount of vegetable and mineral food. 
Young trout have generally been reared, for the first year 
at least, in tanka and run ways. Of theta two forms, tho 
tank is the least desirable; runways are sometimes success- 
ful, but this success depends entirely upon the nature of 
the soil through which the trench is cut, and whether the 
water supplying It contains a sufficient number of small in- 
seels to vury their food. 
Two hundred and sovonty-ono thousand salmon were 
hatched ut the Slate hutching house, being a loss of only 
four per cent, of the eggs received. Tho experiments of 
the last twenty-live years have demonstrated tho fact that 
the question of stocking fresh waters or restocking de- 
pleted ones is us much a matter of certainty as the planting 
or sowing of any crop. The Increase in tho rents received 
for the fishing of diuoront rivers in Scotland Is Instanced 
os proof of this fact. Six thousand spawn of the land 
locked salmon have been distributed In various witters. 
Two hundred thousand spawn of the Sacramento salmon 
( Salmo quiunat) were presented to the State by I t'of. 
Baird, but, unfortunately, were so injured In transportation 
that only about 7,0U0 were batched. 
A very healthy stale of feeling Is rapidly growing up In 
regard to the cultivation of iMi In the great ponds, anil 
constant implications are made for leases, both by private 
parties anu by the inhabitants of the towns where Mich 
ponds are located. Tho Jealousy which heretofore more or 
loss excited the public mind, in reference to thu control of 
such waters by individuals, Is fast dying out, and a more 
enlightened view taking its place. Few If any attempt* 
...... ......I.. I a Ini AafnH.. .nil I, tli.i rl.lllfu rtf ItlUUlHtU 
are iiuulo to interfere with the rights of lessees, and a gen- 
eral disposition is shown to encourage all efforts to restock 
the ponds. Tho State of Massachusetts has 100,842 acres 
of lakes anil ponds, und ll may be well to consider their 
present value. With thu exception of one or two ponds on 
the Cape, and a few that have boon loused, under the euro 
of thoughtful und intelligent men, scarcely one ol them 
would yield a fair meal for a good sized family once a week. 
The same number of acres of water in Franco produces 
over * 800,000 per year. . . . 
The commissioners recommend an appropriation oi 
85,000 for the continuation of hatching and distributing 
young fish, and express gratification at tho Interest which 
has been shown in fish culture during the past year. 
The report concludes with a voluminous appendix, con- 
taining valuable statistics and interesting correspondence. 
FISH CULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA. 
Rbadino. I lurks eonntjr, r*., Fobruary, 
BniTOii PmiKHT Ntiikam:— . 
Mr S. I . Ilollt'nbncli, of Oils city, oxpccta to receivo b largo number or 
California salmon us soon as tliu wenthor moderates, from our Slots 
Hatching lion*-. Lnnostcr county Blnck ba*« wore received during 
May JS7I. anil Urn Schuylkill Itlver stocked. which lias proven an undis- 
puted success, and pisciculturists urn delighted. Larg# bw irv abund- 
ant, and tho stream Is literally swarming ut aomo places, whl u some ex- 
tra flnn specimens hove fallen u prey to our canning disciples of Dvi .u 
Walton. Other varieties of Huh are In n degree more or less abundant, 
and will bo more so In tho course of a few years, n* law# prohibiting 
(hdr wholesale destruction aro In vogao, which la a very gratifying fact, 
Inasmuch ns should the former rate of catching have continued, the ex- 
termination of some species would Inevitably have followed. I he past 
year's experiments at our Slate Hatching House are abundant ovldeuc# 
of thu growth and prosperity of the young salmon deposited by the coin- 
mission. The river north of this chy-iho county seat of Berks -la void 
of itsh, the effects of the operation. Ill tho coal fields having exterminated 
them entirely, no living creatures of any sort being discernible In It, 
snakes even cannot subsist In the sulphurous water-, and thu lover# or 
such gay .port a. wo ore having hero cannot enjoy themselves. « sin.n 
are also abundant, snd thu largest sometimes reach live and one-half 
pounds; but there -re a few Instances known of la.g-r 
been caught. At the Berks County Agricultural and 
Mbit Ion la.t Autumn, the display of Hah was 
ous varieties of exceedingly line specimen, were to bo 
clalty was fully appreciated by all. and tho prominent pisciculturist* 
have been complimented in the highest terms. It might not be Improper 
to state that fully 80,000 were on these fair grounds on a sing « day. at 
their last exhibition, and the gratification at viewing the 
general. More her. after. Fa»« N«o». 
Pure Nixon's notes urc nlwaya interesting und welcome. 
FISH CULT URE*' IN VIRGINIA. 
LBKsuuao, Va., February X0, !»78. 
Enrron FonasT a*d BrnxAJi:— 
I received live thousand trout spawn to-day from Troutdalo Farm. 
They are safely laid In the hatching trough. Tho trough Is a ttooe »r- 
bonixed one with glaM grille.. The water pas^s through two filler 
boxes. "Ith seven flaonol filter. In each, and hat a temperature of oo 
I hope to have Loudouu hatched uoul at tho next fair. Your, truiy^ 
