40 
FOREST AND STREAM 
A WEEKLY JOURNAL, 
Dsvotkd to Field and Aquatic Sports, Fpaotical Natural Hibtort, 
Pun Culture, the Protection op Oame. Preservation op Forests, 
and rar Inculcation in Men and Women op a healthy interest 
in Out doou Recreation and Study : 
PUBLISHED BY 
forest and §frean\ ffublivlrinfl Qomyaiyf, 
AT 
1? CHATHAM STREET. (CITY HALL SQUARE) NEW YORK, 
IPobt Office Box s»32.] 
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in rccu InradTertlsInK columns, nonpareil typo, 18 lines to the Inch, 2E 
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extra. Where advertisements are Inserted over 1 month, a discount of 
10 per cent, will be made; over three months, 80 per cent; over six 
months, 30 per cent. 
NEW YORK, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1875. 
To Correspondents. 
All communlcattona whatever, whether relating to business or literary 
Correspondence, must be addressed to Tiie Forest and Stream Pub- 
Lisiiino Company. Personal or private letters of course excepted. 
All communications intended for publication mnst be accompanied with 
cal name, as a guaranty of good faith. Names will not be published If 
Objection be made. No anonymous contributions will be regarded. 
Articles relating to any topic within the scope of this paper are solicited. 
We cannot promise to rctarn rejected manuscripts. 
Socreiories of Clubs and Associations aro urged to fuvor us with brief 
note- of their uioveraents uml transactions, ns it is the aim of this paper 
to become n medium of useful and reliable information between gentle- 
men sportsmen from one eud of the country to tho other ; and they will 
And our columns a desirable medium for advertising announcements. 
Tho Publishers of Forest and Stream aim to merit and secure the 
patronage and countenance of that portion of the community whose re- 
Oned intelligence enables them to properly appreciate and enjoy all that 
is beautiful in Nature. It will pander to no depraved tastes, nor pervert 
the legitimate sporut of land and water to those base uses which always 
land to rnako them unpopular with ihe virtuous and good. No advertise- 
ment or business notice of au Immoral character will be received on any 
orms ; and nothing will be admitted to any department of tho paper that 
may uot be read with propriety in thu home circle. 
We cannot be responsible for the dereliction of tho mail service, If 
money remitted to ns Is lost. 
Advertisements should bo sent in by Saturday of each wock, If possible. 
CHAIII.EU IIALLOCK, Editor. 
WILLIAM C. II \UItlH. Dnslnosi Manager. 
GAME PROTECTION I N CANADA. 
T HE subject of game protection is receiving increased 
attemion in Canada. Although for several years flsli 
has been made the subject of fostering care, but little had 
been done for game, there being no clubs that were strictly 
protective in iheir objects, whilo the laws were very imper- 
fect, little respected, anti quite inoperative. A year ago 
the Nova Scotia Protective Society was organized, and lias 
now become a strong body, having already accomplished 
much good, especially in the preservation of the moose, 
which was fast disappearing. Several prosecutions have 
teen made by it, and the offenders punished. Last month 
the “County of Peterborough Fish and Gamo Protection 
Society” wa« founded in Ontario; the proceedings attend 
ing its organizalion were printed in this journal at the 
time. Its members include some of the leading men of Ihe 
Province, and there is no doubt it will accomplish great 
good. Ontario is one of the chief game districts east of 
the Rocky Mountains, aud would now more than abound 
in game were it not that deer, cariboo, aud moose have 
been so recklessly slaughtered for their hides, while its 
waters have been systematically drained to supply tho pro 
vincial markets. To us of the United States the preserva- 
tion of the game there is most important, as well as the 
enforcement of laws that will prevent game and fish being 
shipped across the line and sold hero clandestinely, or in 
open defiance of our enactments. The Peterborough so 
cieiy, aud all other societies that may be instrumental in 
amending the existing laws or instituting new ones, should 
see to it that they be made to correspond as nearly as pos- 
sible with those of our own States adjoining the border, so 
a< to prevent game being shipped out of season from their 
territory into ours. This is a very important point to con- 
sider Uniformity of laws is quite possible and wholly 
practicable, inasmuch as the climates do not differ so ma- 
terially as to occasion any marked variation in the times of 
breeding. If tho periods of close time are not made simi- 
lar, efforts toward protection will produce little benefit. 
We ure glad to observe that the fishery officials are on 
the alert for offenders. Last week Mr. H. Calculi, Fishery 
Inspector, made a raid on some parlies who were spearing 
fish on Pigeon Creek, and summoned them before T. 
Matcbett, Esq., Justice of tho Peace, Omemec. They 
were fined aud their effects, consisting of buffalo robes, 
laorse blankets, spears, und decoy fish, were confiscated. 
A private letter from a member of the Toronto Gun 
Club informs us that they are about to wage war with a 
number of our game dealers in this city for holding and 
exposing for sale a number of barrels of speckled or brook 
trout, it being entirely out of season. 
SALMO SALAR BREEDING IN FRESH 
WATER. 
M essrs. Thompson & tagg, FiBh cuitumts at 
New Hope, Bucks County, Pa., have succeeded in 
hatching salmon in their waters from Canadian fish fur- 
nished them by Samuel Wilmot, of Newcastle, Ontario. 
The origiuul progenitors were takcu from streams that 
flowed into salt water, and from their ova salmon have 
been hatched in the fresh waters of Pennsylvania, which 
at the expiration of three years growth, have in turn fur- 
nished ova from which young salmon have been hatched. 
This is a most interesting and satisfactory result, showing 
that access to salt water is not indispensable to reproduc- 
tion. But the most singular fact in this connection is, that 
whereas the original breeders, as furnished by Mr. Wilmot, 
weighed 00 lbs., their progeny weighed but three pounds 
when they matured and spawned ! 
Now, it has long been a disputed question whether or uot 
the landlocked salmon of the 8ebec and Grand Lakes of 
Maine were the true salmon. So competent an authority 
as W. II. Yenning, Esq., Inspector of Fisheries for Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick, assumes that they are not. 
[See Hallock’s “Fishing Tourist," pp. 101, 105.] Hitherto 
the great disparity in size of the adult fish— the landlocked 
salmon averaging 2J pounds, and seldom attaining four 
pounds in weight— has been adduced as presumptive evi- 
dence of distinct species; for, while the latter are spaw- 
ned, the grilse, or two years old fish of the talmo salar , 
often attain a weight of eight or nine pounds, and yet do 
not reproduce, three years being required for maturity. It 
might be interred, therefore, that confinement to fresh 
water dwarfs the true salmon, while it does not destroy its 
fecundating powers, or prevent its reproduction; and 
lienee that landlocked salmon (confined to fresh water,) are 
but dwarfed salmon (mlar) and identical with them. 
We are well aware that exception will be taken to this 
conclusion by cavillers, who are cognizant of the fact that 
the landlocked salmon of Maine are not debarred from salt 
water; that fishways have been provided, over which they 
can come and go at will, and therefore, if they were the 
true salmon, they would follow the habits of the true 
salmon and visit the salt water periodically; and further- 
more, that, until the erection of dams “landlocked” the 
fish above, and obstructed the passage of the salmo solar 
from the sea below, the St. Croix River was a fine salmon 
stream, frequented by both tho true and the so-called de- 
generate salmon, which, under precisely tho same condi- 
tions and opportunities had very dissimilar habits; aud 
hence will maintain that they must be distinct species. 
Perhaps they are: but one thing is sure, and that is, we can 
now manufacture landlocked salmon out of the true salmon 
by merely cutting the latter off from suit water. That is 
to say, by confining the true salmon to fresh water, as has 
been done at New Hope, we can obtain a non-anadromous 
fish weighing only three pounds, that will reproduce its 
kind when it is three years old, (the usual period of matur- 
ity,) and identical in its structure aud markings with a pro- 
genitor twenty times its weight— in fact, a perfect counter- 
part, but a diminutive of the other. Certain it is, there is 
no difference in the generic characteristics of the true 
salmon and the landlocked fish of Maiue. There is do per- 
ceptible difference in the early runs of these fish, though 
variations occur as the spawning season approaches. 
The instinct of salmon to make periodical visits to salt 
water, and even to return to their native stream, isso6trong 
that if Messrs. Thompson & Tagg will attach their tags, 
(the suggestion of a pun here is inevitable,) to some of their 
grown fish, native now to the Pennsylvania waters, and 
give them free access to tho sea via the Delaware River 
and these same fish should return again next Spring, and 
the Dext Spring thereafter, much increased in size each 
year, it will settle the question definitely whether the true 
salmon lose their anndromous instincts aud are dwarfed by 
being confined to fresh water. If, on the other hand, they 
should decline to go down stream, with every opportunity 
afforded, as the landlocked salmon of Maine do the fact 
would go far to prove that the latter aro identical with the 
true salmon. 
The success of the gentlemen named in propagating 
salmon in fresh water is a matter of congratulation, for it 
solves a problem of great importance. We are informed 
by Mr. Andrew Clerk that ho expects soon to have one of 
these full grown spawners on exhibition in his aquarium at 
48 Maiden Lane, where it can be seen by those who ure in- 
terested in this result. 
New Fikeaums.— From La Cham Illustree , of Paris, we 
learn that an effort is about being made in France to form 
a congress of eminent gunmakers, sportsmen and others in- 
terested iu guns, for the purpose of uniting upon a weapon 
which shall be adopted as possessing the best qualifications 
requisite in a gun for sporting purposes. Many eminent 
manufacturers, among them Messrs. Werney-Caron, Feres 
aud M. Gerest, have given their support to the project, and 
disciples and followers of Saint Hubert from ail parts of 
the country arc expected to ue present. Aside from the 
more important discussions regarding guus, the meeting of 
so many confute* is looked forward to, with interest. 
BIRDS IN EXTREMIS. 
T HE severe weather appears to have extended South 
as well as East, West and North. From the foriiici 
quarter we hear of much suffering among tile birds, aufi 
the Baltimore Sun reports many instances of cannibalism 
among them caused by cold and the waut of food. Thous- 
ands, it says, huve been frozen and staivcd to death, llun 
dreds of others have been found blind and unable to nuvi. 
gate from loss of sight, and helpless from coltl and want of 
food. Strange to say this blindness is caused by the hungry 
bird9 picking out each others eyes on the roost during the 
night, where they fight with desperation and in their 
starring condition eat each other. Many wild ducks have 
been captured while stupifled by cold. This, however, is 
not so very uncommon, as some varities are often fouud iu 
localities where extreme cold is unusual, completely stupe- 
fled from cold. This particularly applies to teal, who 
are probably found farther South thau the majority of other 
migratory birds. 
Robins, cut off by ice and snow from their usual Winter 
food, or having eaten the available supply, are seen iu 
great numbers in the suburbs of Baltimore picking up any- 
thing that will satisfy hunger. The holly trees have been 
stripped of tbeir berries by them, and one humane gentle- 
man has fed both the robins aud the English sparrows un- 
til his horse has become a resort for nil the hungry little 
wanderers in the vicinity. Surely they should compensale 
him when the Spring time come9, with their songs of glad- 
ness, and make bis home merry with their cheerful twit- 
terings. 
The pigeons in that city have also suffered severly from 
the cold, aud on one day last week the harbor was filled 
with large numbers of crows who fraternized with the sea 
gulls, and joined with them in the search for food. In 
some localities, where choice morsels were cast overboard 
from vessels, the cawing of the crows nnd the hoarse 
screams of the gulls made most discordant music, j'ot they 
sang amicably together, if not harmoniously. 
From the West we hear that the game birds are coming 
to grief with equal rapidity. A letter from Valparaiso, In- 
diana, dated February 15th, says the cold weather is killing 
off the quail and pinnated grouse by hundreds. The snow 
is about a foot deep and the thermometer ranges from ten 
to twenty degrees below zero. Last December the prospect 
seemed remarkably good for the coming season, but the 
unexpected und almost unprecedented cold has upset all 
calculations, and there are grave doubts as to the supply 
of birds. All live quail nnd grouse in the bunds of dealers 
should now be cherished as seed corn in times of prospec- 
tive famine. 
That birds and animals, in the extremity to which they 
are reduced by cold weather, will resort to inhabited «ti.' 
tricts for shelter and food, is shown by a statement which 
we find in a Boston paper, to the effect that no less than 
fifty ruffed grouse were found collected in an old lmrn in 
Hopkinton, Massachusetts. It has been suggested that 
brush shelters be erected at suitable points where quail, 
grouse, and other birds inhabit, and grain be thrown under- 
neath, so that at least some of them may be saved from 
cold and starvation. Hunger banishes natural timdity. 
The other day, in the Province of New Brunswick, four 
cariboo leisurely walked into the yard at Aulac Station, on 
the Intercolonial Railroad, while the guests were at dinner; 
the severe weather having doubtless driven them from the 
woods in search of sustenance. 
WONDERFUL NATURE. 
T HE work of biologists and students of the natural 
sciences in general during the past ten yeurs has pro- 
duced a complete revolution in our ideas of life and the 
means by which nature accomplishes her mission of creal 
ing into new beiugs the old matter that may have fallen 
back into its original particles. These investigations of 
the laboratorial labors of nature have not been confined i<> 
the great students of science alone, for we know several 
modest, retiring, persevering, and perhaps eccentrically in 
quisitive types of humanity, who are constantly attempting 
to learn more than is good for them about the work of 
recreation. Though their discoveries may not be as im 
portant as those of Darwin, Tyndall, Huxley or Owens, 
and their intermeddling experiments with dead issues may 
not always bring them the honors they merit, any mom 
than Paul Pry’s disinterested interest in the affaire of bis 
neighbors brought him; yet they are nevertheless entitled 
to much consideration, and any assertions they make should 
be treated with a proper degree of respect. Their investi- 
gations are frequently carried out on a line and principle 
different from the great masters of science, and from this 
very fuel they obtain results which their better known 
companions cannot, for the reason that their mode of nro- 
cedurc is different. But this should not prevent us from 
accepting their discoveries iu all honesty, and making them 
known to the gaping world that is always ready with open 
mouth to swallow every great wonder of science. 
Take for instance a fact said to have been lately ex- 
tracted from nature by Andrew Murray, Esq., agent of the 
Erie Railroad at Niagara Falls, and we can prove by it that 
the theory of evolution is a cheat, that the Presbyterian 
idea of preordination is correct, and also that the proverb, 
“Like produces like,” is founded on positive and unvary- 
ing truths. 
This gentleman, who is well known in his section as a 
dose investigator of all subjects appertaining to biology 
and natural history, has been experimenting with a lemon, 
And thy result of his labor is startling by its unexpected 
