FOREST AND STREAM. 
85 
I will close ray already too long letter by referring you to 
tlic opinion, expressed to me at Cambridge some two years 
since by Prof. Agassiz, in reply to my question, “that he 
regarded the laud locked salmon as a distinct species, and 
not (to use his own expression on that occasion) “a demoral- 
ized salmon.” In our last report I have given a liaslily- 
•wrilteu sketch of this fish, as found in the various lakes of 
Maine, as also a description of what I believe to be the 
same fish as the “silver lax," or silver salnflm. as taken in 
LakeWenern, in Sweden, and whore Prof. Agasssiz had 
.previously informed me of its existence. 
E. M. Stillwell. 
UTILITY OF 
FISHWAYS. 
New Yoke, March 4, 1875. 
-.Editor Forest and Stream:— 
I am glad to see tho question of fishways brought up again by the pub- 
lication of 'Brewer’s plan, in yonr paper of the 4th lust. Other brunches 
•of aquaculture have mude great progress, but this adjuitcl of the new In- 
dustry Is such a vitally necessary supplement to the already successful 
artificial propagation of fish, that I think it the dnty of everyone pos- 
sessing any knowledge of any practical working plan of fish ladders to 
Impart his information. I therefore send you below* the actual result 
from the fishway erected on the Tcteagoucho lllver, In New Brunswick, 
•of which I published a plau in your paper of August 13th, 1874. As this 
'structure has uow proved its claim to consideration by several years of 
success, I now repeat the main points before published. 
The Teleagouche is a stream about twice the size and volume of Die 
Bronx River, and had been for twenty yenrs obstructed, at the time of 
the erection of this fishway, and Is now obstructed by a mill dam about 
thirty feet high, so that salmon had almost censed to frequent the 
scanty two or three miles of lower river left them; a few did continue to 
run np from tide water thU short distance to the foot of the dam. Tho 
llslnvny (costing about $.00 only, and constructed of heavy beams and 
plank) slopes at about an angle of 45° into tho pool below tho dam, Is 
about six feet wide, four feet deep, and the descent of water Is broken os 
usual by barriers, thus: — 
Lip gf Dam: 
through the bank and one half of them escaped, and I presume aw In Iho 
I ?!r r ; *?, , avc nono ,n th " lost September. 
I piwnted H. .1. Boeder with a few. who had them on exhibition at the 
State Fair. I presume he has them yet alive .1 II. Doano had a few 
h 1,1 d red, which have done veil in his pond. The balance, last August, 
were placed Id a lake with from ven to twenty-two feet of water, where 
I expect them soon to weigh from five to ten pounds. I know positively 
those In the lake spawned In Doocmber.and I often ms- hundreds of young 
salmon In the lake I have also taken aomo by manipulation. In 1 st.) I 
received from Wilt not 5.(kX)e,,g. in bad order; saved DO. l,,,t he 
,5 ' n00 ' ■"«* Hich bad order I did not save a fish. I received 
IO.OIA from Bucks|Hirt, Me ; at lea.t 8,CW) are alive I base I .".,t«»i Cill- 
fomla salmon, half of which will be placed in the Delaware U.ver during 
the Summer, free of any charge ; the balance in Aquctotig IjiUo. We 
hnvc salmon In their flftb, third, second and first yenr, perfectly healthy, 
Jam es B. Thompson. 
~ Tlic- IJrattlcboro (VL) Phonic siivs Hint I ho fishway nt 
turners Pulls is now in process of construction, untl tho 
Ntnle Conunis-sioiicTs hnvo urgently invited the Aguwum 
Uum torn puny to construct one over its tlum in tho West 
field Iiiver at Mittincague. 
—The Maine State Association for the protection of fish 
was organized February 12th, 1875. by tho election of John 
II Kimball, of Bath, President; Win. S. Batlgor of 
gusia. Vice President; .1. YV. Clapp, Augusta, Secrelarv 
and Treasurer; Directors, J. II. Kimball, Win. S. Badger 
,7 Hayis, M- Stillwell, Samuel I). Leavitt, Chaileis 
it Wakefield, Ferguson Haines, Fdwin 
Reed Mannasseh Smith, Henry O. Stanley, YVarron John- 
son, Seward Dill, W. \V. Sawyer, Samuel E, Smith. 
fltnral fpstonj. 
FROZEN FISH 
For Fowl ami Sin tun 
AND SPAWN. 
er 
S3 
Direr Pool Mow the Ham . 
Ou the apron of the dum, nt the top of this fish ladder, Is a reception 
•house, ten feet square, six feet deep, high enough to admit a man, and 
with u sliding barred gate at the entrance and another nt the other cud. 
Salmon mostly run ut night, and for this and other obvious reasons 
'(among which is the desire to save water which muy be required for the 
■mill during the day) water Is let Into tho-fishwny only at nigltf. Each 
■morning, after counting the fish which may have ascended during the 
darkness, the miller lifts the upper gate and the salmon pass on up 
stream. Owing to the smallness of the river above, the inhabitants 
were, ut first, able to see and kill many of the now comers; but now the 
gates of the reception house are kept shut down, and no salmon arc al- 
lowed to nin up the river until the September floods, which rnise tlic up- 
per streams and its pool-, so that fish cannot easily be got at by the 
heathens who seek their blood by unlawful means. 
This plan of detaining the fish until tho Autumn floods in the short 
stretch of water below the dam, where they can be so easily protected by 
the local guardians, or the miller, Instead of scattering them for fifty 
miles up river to be kdled by the settlers in every pool where low water 
in Summer may have caused them to congregate, is n good one, especial- 
ly for small rivers. 
This is a history of only one successful fishway, common enough, per- 
haps, in plan, but it is successful. It has been a success since it was first 
pat up, seven or eight years ago, although I have only the nccoont for 
three years. It is very cheap, can bo nsed on trout streams ns well, hut 
above all, the fish go up it. and this is what we want-something that the 
fish will use after It is built. 
Why can't we have them built at Troy Dam, and other places where the 
laws say they shall be built? and why can't the Commissioners of Fish- 
eries of this State force Iheir erection on a few important streams lobe- 
gin with, and then gradually introduce themut every needed point? The 
Massachusetts Commissioners fought on*, their battle at Holyoke Dam, 
and won it. Can’t wc do tho same in our State, if mill owners won't 
listen to law and reason? , 
It any one thing is settled, it is that no one has the right to deprive the 
dwellers on the npper part of rivers of their supply of fish, which for- 
merly were there caught. Besides, tho young California snlmon put 
auto the Hudson and Its afllucnts during the past few years, will probably 
go down to salt water this Spring with the Ice, and be rctnrulng this 
Autumn. Cannot a fishway be made at Troy and other dams, to enuble 
them to pass up when they return? No time is to be lost; the cost will 
not bo too large for the funds now in the hands of our commissioners, 
nud altogether I hope you will urge tho immediate erection of all neces- 
sary aids to the ascent of both shad and salmon. 
This plan of Mr. Brewer looks well Can yon tell ns whether it has 
.actually succeeded anywhere yet? The Teteogoucbe plan I know is a 
success, and it is very cheap, not putented, and is used in mauy places 
in Cutmdn. 
If we are ever to put the discovery of artificial propogation to any 
{trnctlcal good on a large scale and make It of commercial importance, 
we must have fishways that fish will use. Let something be done.' Aqua 
cultural conventions nre necessary and well enough, hut the people wunt 
cheap fish, and plenty of them, to follow their deliberations. 
Youre - Manhattan. 
*)872 — about 400 salmon passed through reception house. 
1873— 400 •* ** •• 
1874 - 600 " •• » •• •* 
The suggestions of our correspondent are very opportune, 
and should receive the prompt attention of our Fish Com- 
missioners. — Ed. 
THE NEW HOPE SALMON. 
_ „ New Hope, Pa., March, 1875. 
Editor Fore«t and Stream:— 
Your informant is mistaken in regard to the age of the salmon (talar) 
bred by Thompson A Tagg, of New Hope. Pa. They are now In their 
fifth year. I will give yon a part of our experiments with salmon . Our 
first purchase was 4,000 eggs from Samuel Wilmot, who said that some 
of them were taken from salmon which, in good flesh, would weigh 
thirty pounds. The loss in hatching whs 250. The first year they were 
In a pond twenty-seven feet long, four feet wide, and two and one-half 
cct deep, where they did well. I then noticed many were losing Iheir 
dorsal fin; it looked as If bitten off. I could discover no disease. There 
were now about 3,000. They were changed to a pond one hundred and 
twenty-five feet loDg, sixteen feet wide and four and one -half feet deep, 
fed with water after it had left other ponds (as I found they did not re- 
quire as pare water as trout:, where they grew to be fourteen to twenty- 
two Inches long, and perfectly healthy. Last Spring a muskrat went 
A S I scut you the account of the four smelts that wore 
thawed out by the Messenger Bros., »t Boston, and 
given to me, I will now record the result of this experiment, 
The freezing was done on the 29th of January, and on n„. 
30th they were thawed. Two of them showed signs of 
fungus in threo or four days; these I treated to many suit 
baths, without effect. They were exhibited at Boston un- 
til February 4th, when I took them home. One died on 
the way, and another a week afterward. The remaining 
two appeared at the poultry show at Buffalo from Jamin.y 
13lh to the 20th— one died on the last day, and the survivor 
followed on the 25th, just twenty-six days after tho thaw- 
ing. 
How much cold trout spawn will stand is illustrated by 
the following, which I clip from an article of mine pub- 
lished in the Lire Stock Journal of February, 1873 
“While on the subject of freezing, I will say that I linvo 
had a trough, that had accidentally been left uncovered, 
freeze from both sides, so that all the current was confined 
in the middle. I supposed, of course, that all my etrgs ex- 
cept those in the narrow strip l hat was left unfrozen were 
spoiled, hut fouud to my great Joy that they were not I 
covered the trough and let it thaw gradually without, dis- 
turbing anything, and found that allhough the water was 
frozen so that the gravel would lift with the ice, that mil of 
20,000 eggs there were only 700 killed, or three and a hair 
per cent. These were frozen so solid that the tissues were 
ruptured. I learned from this that a tiout egg, although 
encased in ice, is not necessarily killed, and that it will 
stand a temperature some below the freezing point." 
Fhed Mather. 
SUSPEND ED AN IMATION. 
Danvers Port, Mass , March ',1, 1875. 
Editor Forest and Stream : — 
Having read with interest several article* on tho subject of suspended 
animation In frozen fish, which have nppenred of late in your excellent 
paper, I will add my mite to the general fund. Starting curly In the 
morning lor a day's sport nt pickerel fishing, we have often had the ball 
(minnows) frozen stiff before reaching the pond, but by placing them 
near a fire and ullowlng them to remain till the Ice melts, most of them 
will return to animation and swim about briskly . When dropped u non 
the ice they freeze quickly. I have baited hooks with minnows that 
have laid upon the ice upwards of an hour, and have been surprised (o 
sec them swim away soon after they were put Into the water. Pickerel 
dropped upon tho Ice while one is batting hooks often freeze stiff, but 
upon being placed in pond water, animation returns In u few moments, 
and they will swim about as full of vigor as over. Yours, A, v. <; 
Hartford, Todd Co., Minn., Fob. 25, 1875. 
Editor Forest and Stream:— 
I have just received a copy of your paper, (Fob. lltli.) In which 
"Pacific" says: "I think that M. II. B ' Is not a very close observer." 
Now, I cannot see on what grounds "Pacific" should make such a state 
meat. He is quite welcome to his humble opinion, however, mid I sltull 
not strive to change his belief. I nm not Itenerant of the fact Unit all ,,t 
the cervidae arc said to havo no galls; yet, there are hundreds of people 
who read tho Forest and Stream— who nre not zoologists nud natural- 
lets— who are not aware of the fuel. I huve examined many of the 
Cervus macroilt , AntUocapra Americano, and a few Cerrnt Ctmmlmete, 
and Alcet America nut for parasite*. While lit the Sierra Mndre Moun- 
tains, in 1873, I killed two tnule deer does, and found tliclr livers con- 
tained the so-called fluke worms. I also found them In the OvUnumtamt 
in the embryo State. While collecting In tho Sweet (Ira— Hill- hi 
Northern Montana during the pust Autumn, I killed and examined the 
stomachs of male and female Octs nu/ntana, but found no pnraslte*. I 
have examined male, female, and the young of the "Prong Horn" arid 
have yet to observe a fluke In them. These parasite* are most commonly 
found In animals of the genus leput. 1 hnvo found them In Is put tjlrn 
ileus, Leput callolit, and last night took about two hundred flukes from 
tho liver, lungn nnd Inleattnes of the Leput Canadensis, or common 
Canadian hare. When these parasite* are taken from Imres they are 
found sticking closely to the outer surface of the animal's livers, lanes 
nnd intestines. I have never found them In the Interior port of the 
livers, In cells, as they arc found In tho larger mammals, I think the 
"rot" is common to hares ns well as sheep, I hove been told by hunter* 
In Northern Dakota nnd Minnesota, that these hares, (Leput CanotDn- 
tU.) dieoff once in seven years, anil are found dead and dying In the 
woods. I have heard the above statement from several persons, and I 
am inclined to think that Imres In thl* country ore visited by the flukes, 
thongh at Irregular period*. Out of twenty-two lmrc« which I examin'd 
but one of them contained fluke*. In conclusion, I would any I have 
examined the livers of all of the American eerrllat. excepting tho C. 
columbtanas, nud It was not my intention to asrrrt that I had made * dis- 
covery In mentioning the fact that the ('. rlrgintanus had no gall f 
think, however, that one who criticise* a stronger so fully n« "Pacific," 
ought not to be ashamed of his name appearing with his article. 
Very truly yours, Jo*. H. Battv. 
GALLI N AGO 
W ILSON 1 1 . 
Kn.ro., p Tn0Y> N - V . . . March 8. 1873. 
Editor Forest and Stream:— 
3,011 " vory » ,n « 0,w an ' 1 nnnaoal drama* 
i ,i‘ • %*.Jf now * >r °v° Interesting to your reader*. It U tho 
• too ng of n Wilson's, or English snipe, (llatHnago R'lLonlii at * very 
“ '* "«* "-one I. late hi tho 
" , "' r t n ’ 1 U '° WnU MI »"• Tho one which I speak of 
" ... ° ^ *■ Waldron, on hi. farm at Mertmnlc.vllle. N Y„ on 
zero The I 7 ' ^ “»«»•*»>•«•» «“ the time being 8- below 
.ire,.,, wt.i 3 I" a v*ry good woodcock ground In Summer, beluga 
o m , ' :.r'' y M ’, T t,,n ""‘ K "' an<1 «• covered with a growth 
letv ille , (T , r . t, " V lf “O doubt WD. « tl.nl umo 
the only place not frozen lhat a snipe could possibly live In The him 
«n. a lino male. In perfect plumage, and strange to say, very fat so 
co leerion 1,'ln U10kult " nc *° " khl 11 »• mounted! and i. In my 
m K . 1 ,,av " • Stereoscopic view made of the same and 
would Ira pleased to send you one when finished If you del re any 
wIM wl h f ,‘| r ' n ‘' nU ° f * h# r b ° V ."' 3r, '“ may conuminicato wtth mo. and I 
will, with pleasure, respond, Yours very truly, 
Frederic H. Wcomru. 
Editor Forest and ntiieam: ~ 
iw » lr ° w ' l H, «»'.t4l.nn account of a "Wonderful Leap of a 
.lur. Un'^ r 1 /r n "" * rl,a exchange, tho height In thl. case being 
tnirieen feet. Allow mo to record a more remarkable leap ..f sixteen foot 
which came under my ubocrYntlon In l»t)4: 
During tho late civil war, when a surgeon of n regiment stationed on 
Hal eston Island IVxas, wo occupied the Summer residence of Oeneral 
Nichols, on Dickinson a Bayou, for a temporary hospital. TltoOeno-al 
had on (Ills place a couple of yearling buck., and a. the running 
wn. approaching, ho knew that If they were not castrated they would 
" ovor Mum. They wore enticed Into a .mall, clo.c yard 
f,.r an operation. The yard was perhaps foity foot square, ami enclosed 
on two .Idea by buildings and on the others with a fence e„mpo.ed of 
upright hoards sixteen feet long. It waa not conaldored prudent to at 
tempt to hold them by manual force, no they wore lassoed In true Mex- 
ican stylo One of them, when he foil tho restraint of tho tightening 
rope, begun a aerie, of gyrations, and finally mado a spring, completely 
clearing tho fence. Tho men held tightly to tho rope ami he „«* 
secured . 
The deer Is considered tho fleetest of all animals. But few realise 
Hint his speed 1. not equal to that of nil ordinary horse. Tho writer, in 
crossing a Texan prnlrloon horseback, observed n deer feeding in iho 
full grass at a dlsinnco of two hundred yards from him, nml h»,l not no* 
tired hln npproncli. Tho horse was urged lo In. host .peed, which soon 
brought them sldo by side, and ounblod Iho rltlor lo Iny hi. Itnnil on tint 
affrighted doer. In Iho absence of a pistol or lariat to aeouro tho prl/n 
tho speed Of tho Imrse was chocked and the doer was allowed to escape . 
Deer, when quietly feeding, drop their tall; but when surprised or at- 
traded by a strango object the fall Is Immediately oiovnted, which shows 
the white under surface anil warns Iho sportsman of thwJr fllelir, A 
wounded doer Is exceedingly dangerous when approached by tho hunter 
on foot. Instances are recorded of sportsman being kllled| outright In 
III* way. A friend, after shooting a deer, hastily ran up aud laid hold 
nt the antler*, propuratary to severing tho carotids, whan tin- apparently 
dying animal gave a sudden spring, and with Ills hlnil feet tore tho 
clothing off to tho sklu, bosldos In flic ting a deep and ugly flash wound 
on lit* abdomen, nnd than expired. Deer are cnpablo of striking terrible 
blow* with iho fore feet, besides the sharp points of their antlors nrn 
formidable weapon*. Tho writer once obiorved nt a distance a doer leap 
mg t)e v oral feet In tho nlr nnd descending with a striking motion with nil 
fours. This was repeated several times, when U quietly walked away. 
This excited my curiosity, nnd on visiting tho spot there laid, Inrcoratert 
and dvnd, nn Immense rattlesnake. 
A gentleman living In the limbered regions of Alabama owned a do- 
mestic doer, which hit provided with a bell, in order to designate 't from 
wild deer. During the running .canon, when pursued by wild bucks, slm 
would bound homo, The owner, by tho tinkling of lb* boll, cotiltl guess 
(he canso, slid by stationing hlntsnlf at tho window of tils cabin, wn. en- 
abled to keep his larder well supplied with venison. Slut wits frequently 
pursued by strange dogs, After running u fow miles, anil when llred 
she would stop nml face tho dogs, ami with her fore fool boat them off A 
successful door hunter used to hitch a gentlo horse to a stone sled and 
drive over the prairie. Whenever n deer was descried the horse was 
driven In Hint direction, tho hunter sitting on tho sled with bis head 
slightly elevated above tho Inllgrass, ready to shoot when tin opportunity 
offered. Should tho deer lake fright, he would slip off the sled, tho 
horse feeding leisurely on, and by laying on Ills back and elevating one 
foot nml swinging It In a circle, the deer, attracted by curiosity, would 
npproach, to bo sucrlllced by the unerring rifle of the sportsman. 
. Jambs H. Uaii.ky, M. D. 
THE POMPANO QUESTION. 
New Smyrna, E. Fi.oiiida, Fell. 85, 1875. 
Editor Forest and Mtrkam: — 
On the St, John River I found your paper of February lltb containing 
Ihacomniiinirnilim of Mr. Theodoro Gill, relative to the pompano quo#- 
lion. Mr. Gill seems to havo been much disturbed ut my presumption 
In meddling with fishy matters, lie usks If I doubt the ability of tho 
li. H, Fish Commission lo Identify the species In question, nml enquire* 
If they are not to bo trnatod, what uutlforlty will 1 accept? An Important 
question certainly, but not to the present purpose, since I said no word 
about Fish Coinmlsslonors or Professors. 
I hud been hearing stories all along the Florida coast from Jack- 
sonville to the Indian River about pompano* being taken In great mini- 
bora with fly arid spoon, of Iheir Jumping into boat* like flying flsh, nnd 
of tiled r being taken as far north ns Holmes' Hole, snd being assured by 
resident fl*hunnun Hint the pompano performed no sricli antic*, I cainn 
to doubt nil these storlos, As to doubling a specie* esUbILbed by Mr. 
Gill and the Fish Commissioners, I hope I should bn guilty of no such 
folly, if Mr. Gill had reported the occurrence of the tree-climbing p- rch 
off Noinanslaml, I should havo tried lo swallow the perch; such I* my 
reverence for uulhorlty. 
Mr. Gill finds fault with my statement that Holbrook confounded tho 
two specie*, pompano and covnlll. Dr Holbrook wrote under Iho 
scientific name of the specie*. "Pompano, Crovnllo," a* If the two were 
Identical, and Mr. Gill admits that Dr. Holbrook committed error* In 
nomenclature. 
Mr Gill allude* In general term* to my "error*." Perhaps one of 
(hem I* my statement, (for which I think ho ha* already rehukod me,) 
Hint tho nurse shark, (ir/mmoeus,) occurs on tho coast of E. Florida. 
Now th « negative testimony of oven a Professor can hardly avail against 
the positive testimony of a dozen witnesses who have seen the specie# 
here, myself among the nuinbar— that ho Is no ncw-comcr, either; no 
carpet-bagger, hut an ohl Floridian, since (’apt, Bernard Romans writing 
In 1775 of the Natural History of Florida, mentions that oil was mado 
here from Uio (Ivors of nurses and sharks. 
Mr. Gill remarks Hist I have much to learn before I fully understand 
tho confusion of name* In different part# of our coast. Perhaps, although 
not nn (ctkyologlst. I have, as an angler of fifty year# experience. Ashed 
iri as many waters a* Mr. Gill himself, and am well aware of the confo- 
slon of name* that prevails from Canada to Florida, and from New York 
to the Rocky Mountain*. I might say that oven a Professor may not 
have exliatistrd nil human knowledge, and that, therefore, ho should 
deal leniently with Iho errors of those less learned than hlmscir 
8. C. Cr.sitKE. 
— Two cariboo, shot in Muinc a fortnight ago, havo bean 
sent to the Philadelphia Zoological Garden. ~ 1 
