3. MIGRATION IN THE EAST INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
Migration in its simplest form. — As Mr. Whitlock points out in his recent 
critique on Gatke’s theories (see: “The Migration of Birds” 1897), the first 
stage in the history of migration is probably seen in the daily journeys of certain 
species to their feeding grounds and their return to their roosting places in the 
evening. In England this may be particularly well observed in the Books and 
their comrades, the Jackdaws; they are very methodical in their daily visits to 
certain fields, though their movements are by no means governed with the 
regularity and punctuality of a pendulum. This sort of thing will of course be 
found in all animals, human or avian or other, which sleep in one spot and 
dine in another. One of the most striking cases which we have seen from the 
East Indies is that recorded by Dr. Hagen of the large Hornbill, Cranorrkinus 
corrugatus^ in E. Sumatra. These ill-flying birds feed by the sea and return in 
the evening to their roosting places inland, making use of certain trees about 
every kilometer of their way as travellers’ rests. “The resting places are fixed 
spots, and, if they are not scared, the birds may be expected with tolerable 
certainty every evening at the appointed time” (see: text p. 244). 
Local movements. — A further development of the principal of migration 
is seen where species do not spend the hours of a day but remain some weeks or 
months in one locality, and then depart elsewhere. These movements are 
probably common in the tropics and depend upon the abundance of certain 
foods at these periods. Thus Meyer observed that the small Parrots, Loriculus 
exilis and stigmatus, Trichoglossus ornatus and megeri., visited Manado in great 
numbers at March or, respectively, April and May, the cause being apparently 
the flowering or fruit-bearing of certain trees; and the Sarasins found Munia 
j)allida abundant at Macassar during the rice-harvest (June, July), but they personally 
did not see them afterwards as late as September. There is much to be learnt 
still about movements of this kind in Celebes, but it would be easy to multiply 
instances in the Indian countries and elsewhere. Dr. E. P. Bam say (see: “Ornis” 
1885) terms the movements of all Australian birds “nomadic”, but there are 
also some species there which are as true migrants as those of the temperate 
parts of the northern hemisphere (see, below, p. 48 ). 
