4 
Introduction: Travel and Literature. 
1856. Wallace (Alfred Eussel). Born 1823. Englishman. Naturalist. Amazon 
1848 — 52, in the East Indian Archipelago 1854—62, where especially he was most successful 
in every respect, none of the former nor of the later naturalists there having attained any- 
thing to equal his results. He was in South Celebes from September to November 1856, and 
July to November 1857, in North Celebes from June to September 1859, and his Assistant, 
Charles Allen, collected in the Sula Islands. As is generally known, Mr. Wallace has 
written specially on the Avifauna of Celebes in his various important works. His separate 
ornithological papers concerning the Celebesian Area are: On the Ornithology of Northern 
Celebes, Ibis, 1860, 140; List of Birds from the Sula Islands, P. Z. S., 1862, 333; and Note 
on Astiir griseiceps, Ibis, 1864, 184; hut he treated of different genera and families mono- 
graphically in which the Celebes birds play a great part, e. g. : On the Parrots of the Malay 
Begion, P. Z. S., 1864; On the habits and the distribution of the genus Pitta, Ibis, 1864; 
On the Pigeons of the Malay Archipelago, Ibis, 1865; Catalogue of the Birds of Prey of the 
Malay Archipelago, Ibis, 1868. His ornithological collections are for the greater part in 
the British Museum as the “Catalogues of Birds” show, but there are to be found in many 
other museums and private collections specimens from his rich harvest, amounting to 8050 
specimens, as he himself mentions in the preface of his “Malay Archipelago”. Prionituriis 
tvallacei, Microstictus ivallacei, Macropteryx ivalkicei, Osmotreron tvallacei and Chalcophaps 
tvallacei from Celebes, as well as Ceyx tvallacei from Sula were named after him. 
c. 1856. Riedel (Johann Gerardus Friedrich). Dutchman. Born 1832 at Tondano, 
North Celebes, where his father was a missionary; educated in Europe. A discourse with 
Alexander von Humboldt in Berlin') and later Mr. Wallace’s presence in Celebes 
appear to have had much influence in awakening his interests in Natural Science. From 
1853 — 1883 he was in the Civil Service in the East Indian Archipelago (1853 — 1863 in the 
Minahassa, 1863 — 1875 in Gorontalo — both in North Celebes — , 1875—1878 in Billiton, 
1878—1880 in Timor, 1880 — 1883 in Amboina). Many papers from his pen on North Celebes 
are to be found in Dutch periodicals, but his chief work is: “De sluik-en kroesharige 
Rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua”, with many plates (1886). He made extensive ornithological 
and other collections everywhere, which he f>resented to several European Museums. His 
birds from Celebes are among other places at Brunswick (see: Z. f. d. ges. Orn. 1886, 81)2), 
Darmstadt (see: Abh. Naturw. Yer. Bremen V, 35, 1876, and 464, 1877), Dresden (see: 
our work), Karlsruhe (see: J. f. 0. 1883, 129), Leyden (see: Schlegel’s Catalogues, etc.), 
Paris (to which he presented many consignments from 1864 — 1872), St. Petersburg (see: 
Z. f. d. ges. Orn. 1886, 193)2). Phyllergates riedeli and Ardetta riedeli from Celebes were 
named after him. Dr. Riedel has been living in Holland since 1883. 
c. 1860. Duivenbode (Lodewijk Diederik Hendrik Alexander van Renesse van) 
1832 or 1833 — 1881 or 1882. Dutchman (half-caste of Ternate). Planter and merchant 
at Manado. Son of Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode, whom Mr. Wallace 
in his “Malay Archipelago” (II, p. 2) calls the King of Ternate. He sent out native hunters 
to make large collections of birds in the Minahassa and the neighbouring islands and 
presented them in part to Museums (such as the Leyden) and sold others; consequently lots 
of birds from “Manado” were in the European market between 1870 — 1880 (see, for instance, 
J. f. O. 1883, p. 129), and those in many collections may be traced to this source. They 
1) Alexander von Humboldt asked Mr. Riedel among other things, why there are no large mammals 
to be found in Celebes, a question involving the whole problem which makes this island so interesting. 
2) This collection is not from the Minahassa, as Prof. W. Blasius writes, but from Grorontalo, as we know 
from Dr. Riedel himself. Gorontalo does not belong to the Minahassa. 
