Introduction: Variation. 
61 
representative species, P. septentrionalis and 8. septentrionalis, of the North; also 
Carpophaga paulina shows a slight increase in size in the South, and a very 
small increase is noticeable there in Streptocitta alhicollis and in Phoenicophaes 
calorhynchiis. 
Similar geographical variations of coloration. — The Lories of the genus 
Trichoglossus range from Australia as far as Celebes and consist of two groups, 
Trichoglossus proper of Australia, the Lesser Sundas, Papuasia, the Moluccas 
and Celebes, and Psitteuteles of Australia, the Lesser Sunda Islands and Celebes. 
Count Salvador! (1891) recognises 16 species, all of which have a yellow (in 
two cases red) band across the base of the remiges, except in the Celebesian 
area, where there are three species, T. ornatus and P. meyeri in Celebes, and 
P. flavoviridis in Sula, which have no yellow band. We have, however, found 
small evidences of a yellow band in two or three immature specimens out of 
17 examples of T. ornatus and in three young specimens and one female in a 
smaller series of P. meyeri — a significant indication that these species are 
derived from birds which possessed the band, such as are found inhabiting the 
countries to the east and south of Celebes to-day. Why the birds have lost the 
band in the Celebesian area it appears useless to speculate. 
Pitta forsteni of Celebes wants the usual white wing-band. 
The Serpent -harrier,. Spilornis rujipectus, and the Sparrow-hawk, Accipiter 
rhodogastei\ of Celebes, are represented in the Sula Islands by two closely allied, 
but slightly smaller forms {S. rufipectus sulaensis and A. sulaensis). Both of these 
have undergone a similar modification of the wing, viz. the bars on the under 
surface of the remiges have become narrower in Sula, or have increased in width 
in Celebes, as the case may be. 
The Cuckoos of the genus Eudynamis.^ which range from the Himalayas to 
Australia, have pale bills, and the Kingfishers of the genus Pelargopsis.^ ranging 
from India to the Sula Islands, have red bills, except in Celebes, where both 
the Cuckoo and the Kingfisher have the bill black, while the bill of the latter 
is varied with black and red in the neighbouring Banggai Archipelago. 
Out of the ten known geographical species of the Talaut Islands three 
display melanotic influences or, at least, a darkening of their tints; these are 
Oriolus melanisticus , Dicaeum talautense^ and Pitta inspeculata. The Lory, Eos 
histrio talautensis, has, however, slightly less black on the wings than the typical 
Eos histrio of Sangi. 
The above cases are included under the heading Geographical Variation, 
because their peculiarities of coloration seem most probably to be connected 
with some unknown local influences ; there are in the Celebesian area, however, 
other cases of similar variation, the cause of which seems to be in no way 
connected with the locality. Such are Pernis celehensis and Spizaetus lanceolatus 
which are similar, adult to adult, and young to young, as are in the same way 
also Spilospizias trinotatus and Accipiter rhodogaster ; while Muscicapula westermanni, 
