90 
Birds of Celebes: Pandionidae. 
(7) Gurney, Ibis 1882, 595—598; (8) id.. Diurn. B. of Prey 1884, 113 (subsp.?); 
(9) Meyer, Isis 1884, 6; (10) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 23, pL 5, 
f. 1, 2 (eggs); (11) Steere, List Coll B. Pliilip. Is. 1890, 8; (12) Meyer, Abb. Mus. 
Dresden 1893, 3, 4. 
d. Pandion haliaetus leucocephalus (1) Brllggem., Abh. Yer. Bremen 1876, Y, 45; (2) 
Wiglesw., Aves Polyn. 1891, (3) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, 178. 
For synonymy and further references see Salvador! c 6. 
3. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gm.). 
e. Pandion carolinensis (Gin. 1788); (I) Audubon, B. N. Am. pi. 81 (1831); (2) Gurney, 
Ibis 1882, 595 — 598; (3) id.. Diurn. B. of Prey 1884, 113 (subsp.?). 
f. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Ridgw., B. N. Am. 1874, III, 182; (1) id., Man. N. Am. 
Birds, 1887, 254. 
Key to distinguish the 3 subspecies: 
A. Below purer white than in the other races, breast often immaculate; “shafts of 
the tail-feathers continuously white”: . ... P. haliaetus carolinensis. 
Distribution. “Temperate and tropical America in general, north to Hudson’s 
Bay and Alaska” (Ridgw. f 1). 
B. Breast always more or less varied with brown: 
a. Larger; wing from 437 ((Y) — 528 mm (5) (ex Gurney h 10)] crown of 
head usually more strongly marked with brown streaks than in leuco- 
cephalus: The typical P. haliaetus. 
Figures and descriptions. Naum, a 7; Gld. h 7; Dresser h P777; 
Sharpe h 6\ Legge h 5; Gurney h 10] Seehohm h 11] etc. etc. 
Osteology. Selenka, Bronn’s Kl. u. Ord., pi. XYI, f. 7 (sternum); Milne- 
Edw. , Ois. Foss. 1867 — 71, pi. 179; Eyton, Ost. Av. 1867 — 75, 
pi. in,’ f. 10 (frons), pi. Y, f. 5 (pelvis); Blanchard, Ost. Ois. 1859, 
pi. II, 7, 8; Furbringer, Unters. 1888, I, 20; III, 102; YT, 81 
(shoulder); Giebel, Z. ges. Naturw. 1858, Y/YI, 49. 
Distribution. Europe; Africa; Asia, as far south as Java ((Y with wing 
450 mm — Yorderman), Borneo (h 16^ bl7), Palawan (bl8), and 
the Sangi Islands (b 15)] Celebes (in Dresden Mus.). 
b. Smaller; wing 386 — 493 mm; crown of head sometimes nearly, or quite, 
pure white; P. haliaetus leucocephalus. 
Figures and descriptions. Gould c 1, c 11^ c lU] Schl. b III{?)] Gur- 
ney c 7] North c 10. Eyton, Ost. Av. 1867 — 75, pi. I (skel), pi. H, 
f. 1 (metatarsus), pi. LH, f. 2 (sternum). 
Distribution. New Zealand (bll)] Australia and New Caledonia throughout 
the intervening islands to Celebes and Sangi (Salvad. c 6)] Banggai 
Id. (Nat. Coll.); Talaut Is. (Nat. Coll.); Bawean Islands (Schl. b 2)] 
S. E. Borneo (b 2)] Philippine Islands — Marinduque (Steere ell)] 
PeleAv Islands (Mus. Hamburg d 2). 
The species P. haliaetus may be generally described as follows: 
Adult. Head and neck white, with dark brown centres to the feathers present in greater 
or less abundance on the crown and liind neck; quills black; all other parts of 
the upper surface dull dark brown, the margins of the feathers somewhat paler; 
