62 
NATURAL SELECTION 
hi 
published in the Transactions of the Linncean Society for 1868, 
gives a list of no less than sixteen species and varieties of 
Diadema and its allies, and ten of Papilio, which in their 
colour and markings are perfect mimics of species or varieties 
of Danais or Aersea which inhabit the same districts. 
Passing on to India, we have Danais tytia, a butterfly 
with semi-transparent bluish wings and a border of rich 
reddish brown. This remarkable style of colouring is exactly 
reproduced in Papilio agestor and in Diadema nama, and all 
three insects not unfrequently come together in collections 
made at Darjeeling. In the Philippine Islands the large and 
curious Idea leuconoe, with its semi-transparent white wings, 
veined and spotted with black, is copied by the rare Papilio 
idaeoides from the same islands. 
In the Malay archipelago the very common and beautiful 
Euplaea midamus is so exactly mimicked by two rare Papilios 
(P. paradoxa and P. senigma) that I generally caught them 
under the impression that they were the more common 
species ; and the equally common and even more beautiful 
Euplaea rhadamanthus, with its pure white bands and spots 
on a ground of glossy blue and black, is reproduced in the 
Papilio caunus. Here also there are species of Diadema 
imitating the same group in two or three instances ; but we 
shall have to adduce these further on in connection with 
another branch of the subject. 
It has been already mentioned that in South America 
there is a group of Papilios which have all the characteristics 
of a protected race, and whose peculiar colours and markings 
are imitated by other butterflies not so protected. There is 
just such a group also in the East, having very similar 
colours and the same habits, and these also are mimicked by 
other species in the same genus not closely allied to them, 
and also by a few of other families. Papilio hector, a 
common Indian butterfly of a rich black colour spotted with 
crimson, is so closely copied by Papilio romulus that the 
latter insect has been thought to be its female. A close 
examination shows, however, that it is essentially different, 
and belongs to another section of the genus. Papilio 
antiphus and P. diphilus, black swallow-tailed butterflies with 
cream-coloured spots, are so well imitated by varieties of P. 
