56 
Gmde to Crustacea. 
Table-case 
No. 10. 
Table-case 
No. 11. 
The “ White-clawecl Crayfish,” Astacus pallipcs (French, 
“ Ecrevisse a pattes blanches,” German, “ Steinkrebs ”), is found 
in England and Ireland, France, South Germany, Italy, &c. It is 
little used for food, being regarded as much inferior to A. fluviatilis. 
Astacus leptodactylus is a large species found in the Lower 
Danube and its tributaries, and in Eussia, especially in those rivers 
that flow into the Black Sea and the Caspian. It is occasionally 
used for the table, but is regarded as inferior in quality. 
In North America, east of the Eocky Mountains, numerous 
species of crayfish of the genus Cambarus are found. A few of 
these live in the subterranean waters of caves, and, like many 
other subterranean animals, are blind. The best known species is 
Cambarus pellucidus, from the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, of 
which a specimen is exhibited. 
In the Southern Crayfishes, forming the family Parastacidae, 
there are no sexual appendages in the male. Numerous species 
of this family occur in Australia, and Astacopsis spinifera, known 
as the “ Murray Eiver Lobster,” is used for food. Like the closely 
allied A. franlclinii (Fig. 35) of Tasmania (of which a specimen is 
exhibited in Wall-case No. 5), it sometimes grows to a great size. 
The occurrence of Astacoides madagascariensis on the island of 
Madagascar is remarkable, since no Crayfishes are found anywhere 
on the African continent. 
The members of the tribe Loricata (or Scyllaridea) are 
large, lobster-like Crustacea. They may be distinguished from the 
true lobsters by having no chelae (the last pair of legs only are 
imperfectly chelate in the female). In the family Palinuridae the 
body is more or less cylindrical, and the antennae are long, 
cylindrical and jointed, while in the Scyllaridae the body is more 
or less flattened, and the antennae are expanded into broad plates, 
which are said to be used as shovels in burrowing. To the former 
family belongs the Spiny Lobster or Sea Crawfish (French, 
“ Langouste ”), Palinurus vulgaris (Fig. 36), which is found on the 
Southern and Western coasts of the British Islands, and of which 
two large specimens are mounted in Wall-case No. 6. Numerous 
species of Spiny Lobsters occur in the warmer seas, and they are 
used for food in many parts of the world. The Brilliant colouring 
of many tropical species is illustrated by a specimen of Panulirus 
ornatus coloured as in life. The only species of the Scyllaridae 
found in British waters is Scyllarus arctus ( Arctus ursus ) of which 
a Mediterranean specimen is exhibited. It occurs, rarely, off the 
south-western coasts of England. 
