3877.1 
AMERICAN AaRICULTUKIST, 
283 
one, it can hardly be dispensed witli, if the crop is 
to be gathered and pnt away as quicldy as it should 
be. There is no other crop that follows potatoes 
BO well as faU wheat, and no ground so easily pre- 
pared for it as potato ground. Potatoes may be 
pitted and Ughtly covered with the vines, and some 
boards over these, and remain until frost. 
Turnips. — The WUte Norfollt Globe, or the Cow- 
Horn Turnip, can be so^vn upon an oat stubble, if 
wheat is not to follow the oats. If the ground is 
fairly clean, the seed may be sown broadcast at tlie 
rate of three pounds per acre. But it is better to 
sow ivith one of the small hand-drills, in rows 37 to 
30 inches apart, when a pound and a half to two 
pounds of seed will be sufficient. 100 to 300 pounds 
of guano, or a fertilizer prepared expressly for tur- 
nips, should be sown immediately after the seed. 
Meadows and Pastures will be greatly benefited 
by a light dressing of artificial manure. 100 pounds 
of nitrate of soda, with a bushel of finely ground 
gypsum, per acre, will work a great change for the 
better. Pastures should not be used untU after a 
good shower has washed the nitrate into the soil. 
Thrashing. — When grain is thrashed, it is safe 
from the majority of its many enemies. It is also 
ready to sell at a moment's notice, when the price 
Buits, or money is wanted. Perhaps no further rea- 
sons than these need be given, why it is well to 
thrash as early as possible. One of the most con- 
venient things about a farm is a thrashing machine 
and horse-power, or for larger farms one of the 
many good and cheap steam engines, which will be 
found described in the advertising columns. It is 
a great convenience to be able to thrash just when 
one wants to, and without the fuss and bother of a 
hired machine. 
Composts. — All the different waste matters about 
the farm, and such purchased material as can be 
cheaply procured, may now be usefully gathered 
into a heap for a compost for the wheal crop. One 
of the most valuable materials for a compost, is 
castor pomace, which can be procured so cheaply 
as to make it a very desirable fertilizer to be used 
in this way. It costs only ^10 a ton in St. Louis, 
and as it contains 7}4 per cent, or 1.50 lbs. to the ton, 
of ammonia, it is the cheapest source of this indis- 
pensable material that can be procured for composts. 
Weeds.— Gathar and put in the coinpost heap all 
the weeds that have not yet seeded. Burn all that 
have ripe seeds. This work should not be neglected. 
Upon many farms the road-sides, barn-yard fences, 
and the sites of old grain stack8,are most prolific nur- 
series for weeds. These should be cleared up at once. 
T/te tivMmps are now dry, and work on them 
should not be neglected. Getting out muck for use 
in the winter, and digging ditches, can be better 
done in August than at any other time. 
FuU-FaUoioing. — As a means of preparing land 
for spring crops, there is none better than what is 
known as fall-fallowing. Our drier season makes 
this as effective in cleaning the soil, as the Englisli 
farmer's summer-fallow. Two plowings may be 
given, if necessary, before the wintcr,and a (inal deep 
plowing for the last, will leave the soil in line con- 
dition in spring, for root crops or corn. If any fall- 
fiillowing is to be done, it should be begun at once. 
Alikh Vows will need some fresh fodder as soon 
as the pastures have become dry and hard. Those 
who have provided some fodder crop, will keep up 
the supply of milk, those who have not, will now 
regret their neglect. There are some farmers wlio 
make more than others, some make but little, but 
the best might often do a little better, and at this 
season this truth comes home. 
S/iccp.— Lambs should now all be weaned, and tlie 
ewes fed well for breeding. Next month the coup- 
ling season will begin. Nothing is gained, but 
much is lost, by using a poor ram. A pure bred 
ram, of whatever kind is chosen, should be pro- 
cured at once. None less than a year old should be 
used for breeding. The ewe lambs sliould be scjja- 
ratcd from the old ewes, and kept in a good p:is- 
turo, or otherwise well fed by themselves. 
Sifim'. — Some breeders make a business of having 
their sows litter in August, so as to get the pigs 
ready by the holidays for small pork. By |iroper 
management, two litters of pigs may be turned off 
from one sow in the year, the pigs being sold at 
three to four months old as "market pigs." There 
is evident profit in this, and because every one does 
not know how, or care to take the trouble to do 
this, there is the more profit for those wlio do. The 
best work pays best in everything. 
PoxiUnj. — As we go about and see the poor mixed 
lots of fowls in farm-yards, the improvidence of 
it is too palpable to be overlooked. Where a good 
bi'eed is kept, and well cared for, the profit exceeds 
that of anything else on the farm. Now is a good 
time to clear out poor fowls aud procure a few 
good pullets ; after a run on the stubbles, the old 
fowls-will be in good condition for market. Moult- 
ing fowls will be greatly helped by a little of the 
" Imperial Egg Food," which we have referred to 
already. We have found it very beneficial. 
Bitiidrtj 3falters. — Sec that the stock, of all kinds, 
do not want for water. A good force pump aud 
some hose, by which water may be led to a trough 
wherever it is required, will be found useful. Clean 
out root cellars, and make them ready for the root 
harvest. Granaries should be thoroughly well 
cleaned, and every crevice filled with hot lime-wash, 
put on very thick. The windows should be pro- 
tected by wire gauze, to keep out the grain moths 
and weevils. Save all the straw and ehati for feed- 
ing, and use leaves, muck, sand, or earth for bed- 
ding ; a store of these should be gathered by and 
by. lu spare hours make repairs, clean machines, 
and remember that the summer is fast slipping 
awa}', and the fall, with its rains aud storms, will 
be upon us, and many things that may be done 
now, can not be done then. 
Notea on Orchaxd and Garden Work. 
Last month it was suggested that Jnly and Au- 
gust were the months in which the cultivator could 
avail himself of the recreation and instruction af- 
forded by travel. Perhaps fruit growers and gar- 
deners generally, lead less isolated and secluded 
lives than do farmers, but at best they go about idl 
too little. Next month the fairs will demand at- 
tention, and the harvest of the larger fruits will be 
coming on ; hence the present is the most favora- 
ble time for a brief vacation. If one has an idea 
of changing hia residence, and moving to a locality 
that he regards more favorable — and our corre- 
spondence shows that there are many such — now is 
the best time to visit the proposed locality. We do 
not say that places will show at their best ; on the 
contrary, after the heats of July and August, es- 
pecially if the usual drouths occur, every place wiU 
look at its very worst, and that is the condition in 
which an intending purchaser should sec the place 
he proposes to make his future home. If he knows 
the worst, no disappointment can follow. Many a 
place that in the freshness of spring or the ripeness 
of auturau seems charming, presents a sorry aspect 
at the present season. As usual, last month's 
Notes are to be referred to tor many hints that wo 
do not repeat, but which are as timely now as then. 
Orohurd and Nursery. 
If every fruit-grower could go to the market 
where his fruit is sold, and see his own pack;igesiu 
contrast with those of many other growers, aud no- 
tice the preferences of the buyers, he would learu 
a useful lesson. If his own parcels went off Nvell, 
he, would see why this was the case, untl stiuly to 
improve upon their present style ; if, on the otlier 
hand, his fruit was passed by, and that of another 
preferred, he would learn that wh.it seem to ha tri- 
fles have a money value. A new half-barrel, lined 
with clean, white paper, may contain no better 
Bartlett or other jicars, than his own second-hand 
package, but his are not touched until all the clean 
and bright parcels have been takeu up, and ut a 
price that mudi more than covers the difference iu 
cost between the two p.'iclvages Wc have men- 
tioned the matter of 
A^.it'rHiif/ fruit, imtil it is irksome to repeat it; 
but our d-TJly walks among the fruit dealers, show 
that a very few of the frait growers undcrstjind. 
or at least practice, this — one of the easiest meth- 
ods of increasing their profit. If we insist upon 
the importance of that which espeiieneed fruit- 
growers do, as a matter of course, it must be re- 
membered that these Notes are for novices, and 
those slow to adopt new methods, and must have 
precept upon precept. It is very easy for one send- 
ing fruit to market, to test the 
Money Valve of Assortinj. — Let him try it with 
pears, early apples, or pcachis, sending some pack- 
ages of fruit as it runs, and the same number of 
which the fruit has been separ^itcd into two quali- 
ties, rejecting from the second grade all that is im- 
perfect and absolutely poor. He will be astonished 
to find that there is but little difference iu the re- 
turns from his second quality and the unassorted 
parcels, while the returns from the first quality will 
show that there is no more renmnerative labor thaa 
that he baa given to them Recollect that 
A Mm Poor Specimens will spoil the looks of a 
whole basket of fair fruit, while many good speci- 
mens will not bring up the grade of an indifferent 
lot. Just as the strength of a chain is that of its 
weakest link, so does the buyer estimate the fruit 
by the poorest that are visible. Assorting paya 
with all kinds, but is especially necessary in 
Marketiwj Peaches, as not only the appearance has 
to be considered, but the degree of maturity. On 
page 303 will be found an article devoted to the 
crop, which the inexperienced may find useful. 
Rars. — There is scarcely an exception to the rule 
that these are much be; ter when ripened oft of the 
tree, and some, unless gathered early enough, will 
be absolutely worthless ; those beautiful pears, 
Clapp's Favorite and Flemish Beauty — a beauty in- 
deed, where it will grow with a clear skin — are 
marked examples of this. Hence it becomes a 
matter of profit that the fruit-grower should know 
the peculiarities of the varieties he raises. — "There's 
money in it." 
Large Rars are apt to be blowu off in gales, and 
we have known the ground around the trees to bo 
covered with marsh hay, to prevent the bruising of 
the fruit, the owner finding it profitable ; where 
there is .grass, that will prevent bruising; if there 
is no grass, keeping the soil light and removing all 
stones, will be of use. 
FaUea Fruit should always be utilized ; sw iue 
may be pa.stured in the orchard, or the fruit picked 
up daily aud carried to their pens ; in case neither 
hi done, some other methods should be adopted to 
destroy the larva of the codling moth that is com- 
monly within it. Vinegar makers grind and press 
the windfalls daily, to add to the vinegar crop. 
Jtisects. — The Note^i of June and July treat of the 
principal insects. The traps, cloth being the best, 
as described last mouth, for catching the Codling 
Moth, should be looked to every 10 days. The 
Late, or Fall Web-worm, a different insect from the 
Tent-eaterpillar, though resembling it in building a 
web, is common on forest as well as fruit trees, 
aud shoidd be kilh'd wherever found. Cut away 
the twig upon wliich the web is foimd, and crush. 
Budding is a method of pi'opagating fruit trees 
less frequently practised by the farmer and cultiva- 
tor, than grafting, but the nurscrvnicu employ it 
extensively, and for some fruits exclusively. In 
the instructions given in the .\iiril Notes, in graft- 
ing, it was stilted that iu that lu-oojss " we take ii 
piece of a stem, and instead of puifing it in the 
soil, wo plant it in the lirauch of anculior tree," and 
that the obji'ct in doing this was, "to plant the twigs 
of a fruit that we know and want, ujion the roots 
of a kiiul that v/f know nothing about, or of an im- 
(lesirablo kind." 
Budding « a Kind of Grafiiig. Indeed, the French 
call it " grafting with an eye." In grafling, a twig 
with several buds is used ; in budding, wc use but 
one bud, aud the eiul to be accomplished is the 
same as iu graflin;;. The old lerm was inoculate, 
(from the Latin in. ani o-idus, an eye), and is occa- 
sionally used at prcscut, l.at the same term is also 
used for importing diseisc, by Inserting the virus 
into the flesh, as in vaccinating, and many pcrsous 
thiuU that inoculating:! tree imparts lo it the p.iwer 
to bear better fruit, wliilc really the bud U\-n is in- 
