176 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
[Mat, 
and sliould be more generally introduced with us. 
Bcaus, pcaj, and vetches, contain a great deal of 
nitrogen, and are very digestible. They are among 
the most common kinds of fodder in many coun- 
tries. The same is true of oil-eake and cotton-seed 
meal, and of malt sprouts, brewers' grains, aud 
refuse slump from the manufacture of starch and 
spirituous liquors. Bran, shorts, and corn-meal, 
contain considerable albuminoids, though propor- 
tionally less than the other materials, as will be 
seen by reference to Table 6, in the previous article. 
I should be glad to say a good deal more about 
the value of these nitrogenous foods and the pro- 
per way to use them, but th'j editors think that 
these scieutiflc urticles are such heavy reading, that 
they ought to be short. So 1 will simply add some 
German fodder tables, showing in what proportions 
these foods may be mixed with others, so as to 
secure the greatest benefit from both. 
MOKE FODDER TABLES. 
In the March article were given a number of fod- 
der tables for oxen and milch-cows. The explana- 
tions there given apply to these. The rations are 
calculated for 1,000 lbs. live weight of the animals. 
Tabic 4 (.0/ March immbei'tpage^: coiitinued. 
v.— For Fattening Cattle. 
orU 
. Mt'auo' 
.5 Iba. Meadow hav' 6 Ihs. Mt-auow hay 
8 Iba. Oat straw ' ( 7 rtts. Oat .straw 
125 lbs. Potato ,55 lbs. Beets 
slualp 5 R>s. Rape cakes 
2}i as. Rape cakes 1 lb. Linseed ll<y 
7 Iba. Jlalze meal I 3 lbs. Unbul'd Bar- 
or X I or Y 
6 lbs. Clover liay 8 lbs. Clover iiay 
7 lbs. Barley straw, 43 Bs. Potatoes 
70 lbs. Beet 
2 lbs. Lluseed 
3 lbs. Dean meal 
2 lbs. CnboltedKye 
or V 
8 lbs. Timothy hay 
2 lbs. Bark-y straw 
42 lbs. Sugar beet 
cakes 
5 lbs. liape cakes 
1 lb. Linseed 
or Z 
10 lbs. Aftermath 
4 lbs. Oat straw 
20 lbs. Potatoes 
5 Ibe. Bran meal _. _ _. 
^ lb. Rape seed oil 20 lbs. Brewer's 
I Kraina 
l'< !b. Rape seed 
1 2 fta. Malt sprouts 
VT— Fodder for Store Sheep. 
At 
15 Iba. Barlev straw 
9 lbs. Wheat chaff 
13 lbs. Potatoes 
3 Iba. Rape cakes 
or D« 
17 Tbs. Oat straw 
9 lbs. Clover hay 
28 lbs. Beits 
or G'' 
12 ibB. .\ftermath 
10 lbs. Pea straw 
7, 
or B(? I or Ct 
9 Iba. Clover hay ] 9 Iba. Clover hav 
12 lbs. Barley straw ,14 lbs. Wheat straw 
27 Iba. Potatoes 
1 or Ert 
22 lbs. Pea straw 
4 lbs. Meadow hay 
11 lbs. P. itatoeB 
I or Ha 
10 lbs. Clover hay 
115 lbs. Oat straw 
Iba.Wheat straw 15 Iba. Potatoes 
123 IbB. Potatoes 
or Fa 
15 lbs. Meadow hav 
3^ Iba. Clover nay 
12 lbs. Oat straw 
or la 
19 lbs. Barley straw 
5 Tba. Clover hay 
40 lbs. Beets 
1 lb. Rape cake 
yil.—Foddcr for Fattening Sheep. 
K.a 
6 as. Tlmothv hay 
4 tbs. clover nay 
23 lbs. Potatoes 
3)4 lbs. Rape Cake 
6 Iba. Crusoed 
Maize 
2 lbs. Bean meal i 
or Ija j or Ma 
7 lbs. Meadow bay |15 lbs. Esparsette 
5 lbs. Clover hay hay 
40 lbs. Beets '30 tba. Turnips 
I lb. Rape seed ' 4 lbs. Rye bran 
4 lbs. Bean meal I 1 lb. Linseed 
6 Iba. Crushed Bar- I 5 Iba. Crushed Bar- 
ley I ley 
To some persons these mixtures may seem com- 
plicated. They are, however, useful examples of . 
the ways in which the strictest economy is practised. 
We are rapidly approaching the point where we 
sh'ill be compelled, as European farmers have long 
since been, to economize in such ways as these. 
From what has been said here, let us not fail to 
carry away this main idea. A great deal of food, 
which is ordinarily considered veiy poor, is really 
very valuable. It is poor only because it lacks 
nitrogen. To realize its full worth for fodder, other 
foods, richer in nitrogen, must be added to it. In 
this way cheap mixtures may be made rich enough 
for all purposes of feeding. 
Tliere is one more important point in this con- 
nection. The economy of this process does not 
end with feeding. Our lands need nitrogen in ma- 
nure as much as our cattle do in their food. If we 
use more nitrogenous fodder, we shall have richer 
manure and larger crops. 
One of the chief defects of our agriculture is the 
■want of nitrogen in food and in manure. To re- 
medy this, we need to use waste nitrogenous pro- 
ducts, and to cultivate beans, peas, clover, and other 
orops, rich in nitrogen. Especially let us have more 
clover, as the quickest and most available resort. 
Voices from the Bee Hive. 
INTERPRETED ET M. QtHNBT, ST. .TOHNSVILLE. y. T. 
If the flowers yield abiHid.antly, we need to he fed Imt lit- 
tle. On nnacenniit allow 119 to sufTer until the ilo;ve:»' yl.-ld 
ptetitiriilly. Clover m.iy not yield niiicli nnlil ?ome time 
in Juna, Strong hive» lomctimct starve from the fnlluro 
of honey in flowers, when there was just enough in the 
hive to feed a large brood and get it sealed over. When 
we are in any way stimulated to rear a large brood, 
we must not be neglected afterwards. Very often there 
is a dearlh of honey between fruit blossoms aud clover. 
Sometimes an extra stock, with honey sufficient early in 
the sea^^ou to rear an ordinary number of workers, and 
even a brood of drones preparatory to swarming, is 
overtaken by a scarcity, when the drones will be sacrific- 
ed, and occasionally when the dearth is prolonged, the 
just hatched young workers also ; even if we all do not 
starve at such a time. If we liave a plenty of honey, and 
are weak in numbers, we increase moderately. In such a 
case, having honey on hand to cany us through this 
dearth, and continning to increase moderately without 
any stoppage, we are ready to swarm earlier than those 
that had used their honey to rear early drones. When- 
ever we are stimulated by any means to rear early brood, 
wo must bo watched carefully. It will not do to see us 
flying thickly, and guess we are getting honey. Exami- 
nations need to be made within the hive, combs taken 
out, and cells looked into— all that are interested in this 
part, have movable combs. If there is sealed honey, all 
are safe from starving for several days. Be sure and keep 
a circle of cells containing honey, all the time outside 
the brood. It need not always be sealed over, but it 
should be there. If we are examined in the middle of 
the d.ay, when honey is scarce, be carefal and not keep 
the iiive open unnecessarily long, because outsiders may 
be disposed to rob. We can be fed with Van Dusen's 
feeder, the most conveniently of any. Let this t;»ct be 
impressed, that we act according to circumstances, very 
like the human subject. If the flowers yield honey, and 
the weather is suitable, we collect it ; if one takes what 
we have done, as indicating what we will do under differ- 
ent circumstances, he will often fail in his expectations. 
It is not too late to move us yet if we are taken a mile 
or more. If we are crowded, and the weather is warm, 
give us plenty of air, and a sponge containing water. 
Iron wire cloth is best to fasten us in the hive. 
There are some strains or breeds of bees much supe- 
rior in industry to others— both black and Italian. We 
cannot say how such are to be distinguished except by 
their thrift. Do not take the lightest and brightest 
Italians to be always the best workers, but see what the 
ordinary swarms do. Those that s',varm first, and accu- 
mulate stores the most rapidly, ar-- the ones to breed 
from. If one hive tbi'ows out z r^sw.Trm early, and accu- 
mulates stores, and another equally strong, does not 
keep pace with it, by a few weeks, when both had an 
cqnal chance, the first is the one to propagate from. 
Watch closely, and see which is to be preferred. The 
rearing of queens will be given hereafter. [A large part 
of Mr. Quinby's article omitted for want of room.— En.] 
The Great Swine Trade at the West- 
Interesting and Important Figures— 
"Hard Times." • 
According to the reports submitted to the Cincin- 
nati Chamber of Commerce, the whole number of 
Hogs packed in western towns the past season, a- 
mounted to over five and a half millions (5,o37,> 
184,) an excess of 84,3,314 over any previous 
year! As prices of pork and lard have been well 
maintained, the farmers producing these five and a 
half millions of hogs, and the corn that fed them, 
have little cause to complain of "hard times" — 
especially as they have been able to buy all kinds 
of manufactured goods and family supplies cheap- 
er than at any other period in twelve years. An in- 
telligent friend from Iowa recently informed us 
that, owing to the high value of pork and lard, the 
farmers of that State were, generaUy, better off than 
ever before. Those raising wheat alone were less 
favored, comparatively. [The largest sufferers 
from "hard times" have been among those who 
have been thrown out of employment directly or 
indirectly by the cessation of railroad building, in 
which an average of over a Hundred Million Dol- 
lars a year were expended prior to the "panie of 
1873"— much of this money coming from foreign 
sources, as investments in bonds and stock. Of 
course, the eastern manufacturers, and the traders, 
who supplied the iron for these railroads and the 
articles worn and used by these builders, have suf- 
fered from the cessation of demand for their pro- 
ducts, and this has thrown out of employ another 
large class of persons. If any one will trace out 
these hundreds of millions, all through the chan- 
nels of trade, he will readily see that the effect has 
been felt In almost every town and hamlet throu;;b- 
out the whole country, and that in the aggregate 
several millions of persons have been the sufferers.] 
The following table gives the number of hogs 
annually packed at the West during 26 years past : 
1874-5 5.537,124 
18T2-3 5,456,004 
1873-4 5,383,810 
1871-2... 4,782,403 
1862-3 4,069,520 
1870-1 3,623.404 
1863-4 3,261,105 
1861-2 2,8J8,666 
1,967-8 -■,78 ,081 
1869-70 2,635.312 
lS5:!-4 2,531,770 
1868-9 2,499,873 
1855-6 2,489,302 
1866-7 8,490,791 
1858-9 2-465,552 
1864-5 2,422,779 
1859-60 2,350,322 
1857-8 2,210,778 
1852-3 2,201,110 
1861-2 2,155,702 
1851-5 2,124,404 
1856-7 1,818,778 
1865-6 1,785,956 
1849-50 1,652,220 
1850-1 1,832,807 
1851-2 1,182,81« 
years 74,15r,lS-3 
3.S.>-2,'200 
Des Moines. Iowa.. 
Kansas City, Mo 
Keokuk, Iowa 
Quiney. Ill 
Cedar Rapids, Iowa.. 
Dubuque, Iowa 
Detroit. Mich 
Sabula, Iowa 
Ottumwa, Iowa 
Terre Haute, Iowa 
Total number packed in 
Average per year 
It will be noted that the past winter's packing ex- 
ceeds by nearly 3,684,9!il the average for the past 26 
years. The following table gives the number 
packed the past winter at points where 10,000 or 
more were reported : 
Chicago, III 1,690.348 Pekln. Ill 17,068 
Cincinnati. Ohio 560.164 Lawrence, Kansas.... 17,000 
l?t.Louls,Mo 462,246 Washington C.H.,0.. 1C,S85 
Indianapolis, Ind 278,3:59 Grecnsbur.e, Ind 15.907 
Louisville, Ky 273,118 Lacon, 111 15,286 
Milwaukee, Wis 248.197 Evansville. Ind 15 160 
St. Joe& vickiity. Mo. 117.050 Delpi:i. Ind 15,140 
Peoria, 111 112,750 Columbus, Ind 15,(77 
Cleveland, Ohio 80,266 St. Paul, Minn 15,(X)9 
" ■■ ■ • 74,017 T.jledo, Ohio 11,174 
73.500 Wilmintrton, Ohio .... 14,286 
72.000 Hagerstown, Ind 14.250 
.55,808 Martinsville, Ind l: .960 
54,6 Leavenworth, Kan 13,751 
53.5C0 Canton, Mo u^tCO 
38,376 Omaha, Xeb l:\aiO 
37,318 Lafayelte, Ind 12.830 
SS.txm Xaslivllle, Tenn 12.aO 
32,00(1 Chillicotlie, Ohio 12,238 
Richmond. Ind 27,700 Xew castle, Ind 11.685 
Franklin, Ind 27.406 Wabash, Ind 11.640 
Gosp,'rt, Ind 2.5,571 Sioux City, Iowa 11,296 
Cialena. Ill 24,000 Marlon, Ind II.lKX) 
Circlevllle, Ohio 2:!.48(; Riplev. OMo 11,000 
Council Bluffs, Iowa.. 20,000 Springfield, 111 10.500 
Xenla, Ohio 18,842 Burlington. Iowa 1(\150 
Muncle, Ind 18,100 Barry. Ill lO.iflO 
Charleston, 111 17,202 Davenport. Iowa UUXW 
By adding the amounts in this last table, we 
have the following numbers by States : 
Illinois 1,952,962 Wisconsin 248.197 
Ohio 751,091 Michigan 38,376 
Missouri 61)5,796 Kansas 30,751 
Indiana 545,765 Minnesota 15,000 
Iowa S77.901 Xebraeks 13,000 
Kentucky 273,118 Tennessee 12,300 
This accounts for only 4,924,057 hogs packed in 
the .56 towns enumerated, leaving 613,867 for towns 
packing less than 10,000, in the different States. 
The comparative average net weights of hogs, 
and the average yield of lard per head, tor Ih.e two 
seasons, 1873-4 and 1874-5, are as follows : 
1873-1 i.:+5 
Ohio 2.>S.J9 
Indiana 207.22 
lUinoia 219.02 
I .wa 204.67 
-Missouri 207.01 
Kansas 220.1>1 
Wisconsin 210.89 
Minnesota 229.36 
Xebraska 214.65 
Kentucky 213.87 
T.-nni-asee 200.42 
Miehipan 234.02 
Miscellancoua 207.94 
Weight of 
Hofjt. Lard* 
39.01 
29.66 
:,7.23 
33.88 
;i3.86 
35.83 
3C.50 
36.41 
31.59 
29.66 
34.16 
SS.26 
31.03 
35.02 
Wei-jht o.f 
Hogs. Lnrd. 
222.73 
208.80 
213.76 
198.67 
189.74 
171.63 
212.48 
237.46 
193.96 
209.60 
192.39 
2*1.27 
197.08 
209.77 
S9.36 
29.83 
36 66 
33.52 
29.19 
25.43 
31.62 
29.83 
26.88 
29.70 
29.20 
35.16 
2S.27 
34.20 
General Average 214.97 
The price of pork per 100 lbs. net, for the two 
seasons, was for 1873-4, .55.13, and for 1,S74-5,SS.33, 
a difference in favor of the season just past of 
S3. 30 per 100 lbs. The average value of lard for 
the two years, was for 1873-4, 9e., and for 1874-5, 
14ie. The total value of the western hog crop, 
pork and lard together, was as follows ; 
p,prit. Lard. Value. 
1874-5 1,167,639,457 Iba. 190,380,607 lbs. t97,338,826 
1873-1 1.175,126,971 '■ 191,444,0j5 " 68,827,215 
Showing an increaie in value In 1874-5 of. .$33, 511, 611 
all of which has gone into the pockets of the farm- 
ers of the Western States, during the past winter. 
The quantity of com represented by these aggre- 
gate productions of pork and lard, may be estimat- 
ed very nearly by taking 6 pounds of pork as an 
equivalent of one bushel of com. On this reason- 
able estimate, the quantity of com fed would be, 
in 1873-4, 327,584,.596 bushels, or about one-quarter 
of the whole crop, producing an average value of 
30ic. per bushel, and in 1871-5, 236,513, 9:;2 bu.shcls, 
or something over a quarter of last year's deticient 
crop, producing an average value of 50c. per bushel. 
The stocks of hogs on hand the last seasons were, 
in 1873, 31,193,300 head ; 1874, 19,927,600 head ; 1875, 
17,245,700 head. — The large falling off in the stock 
of live hogs with which wo have begun the present 
eeason, is a tact worthy of note by pork producers. 
