1863.] 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
249 
for tlie calyx ami corolla, and have seen that the corolla 
can be united in one piece as in the Tomalo and Morn- 
ing Glory, or that its parts may be very unequal in size, 
ami two of them be united, as in the Pea. By following 
out these changes, a great variety of forms can be pro- 
duced. This study of shapes is called morphology. You 
have seen a little of the morphology of leaves, and have 
had illustrations of leaves which though differing widely 
in form, stiil performed the same office. In the flowers 
spoken of above, you have seen how the shape of the 
parts may be changed and yet they still occupy the same 
relative position and serve the same purpose. This is 
one ol the most interesting things in the study of plants ; 
t2 see how wonderfully the parts may be varied and yet 
be essentially the same. Leaves might have been all 
alike and the flowers all the same shape, and the great 
purpose of vegetation would have gone on the same. It 
would seem that the Creator had introduced this wonder- 
ful variety merely to please our senses and gratify the 
love of the beautiful that he has made a part of our na- 
ture. When, after admiring flowers we begin to study and 
examine them, we are still more impressed with the skill 
which planned them, and wonder at the infinite variety 
that can be wrought in a few simple materials. We see 
illustrations of morphology in the common objects about 
us. The log cabin is not essentially different from the 
costly dwelling ; botli have four walls and a roof, and 
these differ in shape and materials in acordance with the 
wants and means of the owner. Our articles of dress 
are changed in fashion every year ; the coat, hat or 
gown of five years agu looks odd to us now, yet it is the 
same as worn at present, only differing in the shape of its 
pai'ts. The changes which a hat assumes illustrate very 
strikingly the subject of morphology. The simplest form 
of hat is a mere bag with a string around it to fit it to the 
Fig. 25. — CHANGE OF THE HAT. 
head of the wearer, as shown at A. This would answer 
the first use of a hat : to keep the head warm. By turn- 
ing out the portion below the band as shown at B, we get 
a brim which also shades the face, and here we have all 
that is required in this article of dress. To please the 
fancy we press out the crown and stiffen it so as to take 
the common shape C. By slipping the band further up, 
the brim is widened and the crown shortened as shown 
at D. If the crown Is spread out above, we get the " bell 
crown" E, worn by our grandfathers. The cap, one form 
of which is shown at F, is only a low crowned hat with 
the greater portion of the brim cut away, leaving the visor 
or plate. These illustrations might be carried on to a 
much greater extent, so as to show that every style was 
Fig. 26.— CHANGE OF THE HAT. 
a simple modification of the simple hat shown at A. Our 
original hat is capable of other changes : lay it on ils 
side, untie the bow of the band, and cut out an opening for 
the neck and you have G. a very rude form of a bonnet ; 
the ends of the band form the string which will serve 
to tie under the chin. If the crown is swelled out as at 
H, we get a not unusual style of bonnet. By varying 
the shape of the crown we produce the shape shown at 
/, which is a style worn within our recollection, and by 
reducing the crown and swelling the front the more mod- 
ern stylus J, K, and L, are obtained. If you have had 
any amusement in tracing out these shape* ot the hat, 
recollect that wc have given them only to help you to 
trace out in the various single flowers you meet, the vat- 
iattons from the Flax flower which was taken as a pat- 
tern or starting point. 
IIb Knows the Rest.— A little girl was carried to her 
room at night and laid upon her bed, while half asleep. 
Upon being reminded that she ought not to forget her 
prayers, she half opened her eyes and dreamily mur- 
mured, " Now I lay me down to sleep, I pray the Lord" 
and then adding " He knows the rest," she sank upon 
her pillow, in His watchful care who "giveth his be- 
loved sleep." It w as a fine illustration of faith. 
ft T e"\v Puzzles to l>c Answered. 
No. 47. Illustrated Rebus. Something often forgotten. 
No. 48. Arithmetical. Problem. Contributed to the 
Agriculturist by J. McCulloch, Logan Co., O. A person 
has a distance of 46 2-13 miles to go and return, and has 
but 3 hours to do it ; he travels 60 per cent, faster in go- 
ing than returning. What rates per hour does he travel 
in goitig and returning ? 
No. 49. Arithmetical Problem, by the same contribu 
tor. Two men, A and B, worked separately on a job ; 
first A worked % of the time that B would have taken to 
do the whole job, then B finished the whole job; now had 
they both worked together, it would have been done two 
days sooner, and A would have done only half what he 
left for B. In what time could each do the job separately ? 
Answers to Problems and Puzzles. 
Answers to Problems and Puzzles in July number, 
(page 217.) No. 44. Illustrated Rebus. "Awl R knot the 
vest hat dogs bar cat," or, "All are not thieves that dogs 
bark at." No. 45. Curious Sentence. Wright, write rite 
right. No. 46. Arithmetical Problem. Answer: A should 
receive $171 99-331, B should have $98 232-331. 
The following have sent in correct answers ; the num- 
bers indicate the problems, etc., answered by each: 
Thos. R. Newton, 40, 43; T. R. S., 40, 41, 43; Ruel L. 
Smith, 41 ; Charles Munger, 40, 41 ; Fred. E. Parker, 41 ; 
Jessie E.Bradley, 41, 43; C. A. K., 41, 42; Eleanor H. 
Risdon, 40, 41, 43 ; II. S. Anderson, 44 ; Thomas S. Moore, 
44; C. Coggeshall, 43; S. Emma Barker, 46; Annie M. 
Low, 44 ; J. W. English, 44, 46 ; Lizzie S. Bundy, 44, 45, 
46; B. B. Baum, 44; Sarah Roley, 44; James M. Cox, 
44, 45, 46 ; Lucy II. Lazear, 44 ; Mary Ida Lazear, 40, 41, 
43; James Dilts, 44, 45: George A. Goodrich, 44, 45; I. 
Hoffman, 44 ; Wirt C. Williams, 44. 
Editorial Correspondence. 
Gettysburg Battle-Field. 
Gettysburg, Pa., Thursday, July 7, 18G3. 
On learning of the great battles of July 1, 2, and 3, I 
determined to abbreviate my agricultural tour, and 
hasten here to see with my own eyes, the field of the 
greatest conflict that has yet occuned on this Continent, 
and one which has seldom been equalled in the Old 
World during modern times. In its results, it is scarcely 
less important than any batlle in the world's history. 
Just a year ago I passed over the field of Waterloo in 
Belgium, where the armies of Europe settled the fate of 
empires and the form of governments for ages to come. 
As I now write, my eye takes in at a glance the wide field 
where, within a week past, nearly or quite two hundred 
thousand men were engaged in mortal strife, upon the re- 
sult of which, it would now seem, is to depend the future 
of the people of this western world. Had the scales 
turned decisively the other way, it would have materially 
changed the style of American society and civilization in 
this country. If, as it is hoped, the victory at the close 
of the contest last Friday morning, is the turning point of 
the war that has desolated our country for more than two 
years past, this field will indeed be memorable in future 
history. Emotions too deep for utterance, fill my mind 
as I look over the surrounding valley and the dozen hills 
in sight, almost every foot of which was but last week 
trodden by armed hosts. I will not attempt to describe 
the scene or the occurrences, but will jot down a few 
items that may interest the readers of the American Agri- 
culturist, so many of whom had sons, or brothers, or 
husbands, or fathers, among the heroes who fought and 
perhaps bled and died here, and all of whom aic so in- 
tensely Intel ested In the consequences of the contest. 
I arrived here at daylight on Tuesday morning, in 
company with some ol the delegates of the "Christian 
Commission." We immediately went to the laigcst hos- 
pital camp, that of the Second Army Corps, which Is 
located some 3)4 miles south of the village — the wounded 
of this corps having been taken to that point during the 
progress of the battle, to be out of reach of the flying 
missiles of death. The camps of the other corps are 
similarly located at different points. Veiy few of the 
thousands of visitors constantly arriving and departing, 
find their way to these camps, where are to be seen the 
real evidences and the more marked results of the strife. 
The main army has followed in pursuit of the retreating 
enemy ; the driving rain of yesterday has smoothed the 
surface of the ground that was disfigured by the plowing 
shot and shell, and by cannon-wheels and horses' hoofs. 
With here and there an exception, the dead lie covered 
beneath the ground where they fell, and the rain has flat- 
tened the hastily-made graves of the enemy, so that nrar 
observation is required to find them, though numbering 
many hundreds, if not thousands, scattered all over an 
area of five miles long, and nearly two miles wide— 
sometimes in groups of three, five, and up to fifty, but 
oftener one in a place. The graves of Union soldiers are 
generally banked up, and are mostly marked by a board, 
giving the name, company, regiment, and State. This 
enables friends to find their remains, and the work of re- 
moval has already begun. The graves are in the fields, 
on the hillocks, in the groves, etc., and one sees but a 
few from any single stand-point. The most visible signs 
of the contest are the demolished fences over a thousand 
or more acres; the hastily-thrown-up breastworks (of 
rails, stones, and earth, here in 20-feet semicircles, there 
in long lines ; yonder in little mounds as rifle-pits ;) the 
thousands upon thousands of guns, military equipments, 
and clothing thrown away in flight, or dropped by killed 
or wounded soldiers, and the solid cannon-balls, or ex- 
ploded or unexploded shells that strew the ground. The 
rain has entirely washed away all blood, and covered 
most of the smaller missiles, though half a million cart- 
ridges and musket-balls could doubtless be gathered. In 
a dozen groves, there is hardly a tree that is not scarred 
by bullets or cannon-balls, while from many, a branch or 
two is lopped off, or the trunk is severed at some point 
above the ground. The most visible efFecls, however, are 
the unburied carcases of horses, the bodies swelled to 
double size, and already white with maggots. From the 
sight and smell of these, one can hardly escape, go w here 
he will on over a thousand acres. At one point, clo*e by 
the little board dwelling where Gen. Meade had his head- 
quarters at first, I counted fifty dead horses within the 
space of half an acre. The building itself is shattered in 
a dozen places by pieces of shell. A looking-plnss hang- 
ing in front of the General's writing-desk, was struck by 
a shell fragment. A piece of this glass is among the few 
memerntoes I have picked up. At the lower end of a 
gully, I noticed at least three wagon-loads of clothing, 
blankets, cartridge-boxes, scabbards, etc., that had hern 
washed there by the rain-torrents that poured down :ill 
Wednesday forenoon with a violence never before known 
by the oldest citizen. 
But all the above are feeble evidences of war, as com- 
pared with the camps. I visited and rvorked in three. I 
went to look at them, but there were too many suffering 
ones, friends and enemies, needing a cooling or stimula- 
ting draught, a little bread, or a change of position, to al- 
low of time spent in gratifying curiosity, and I gladly 
joined hands with my brother agricultural editor," Mr. 
Spangler, and with the few members of the Christian 
Commission who had found their way through mud and 
rain, bearing food, raiment, stimulants, etc. No one who 
could witness the relief afforded by a warm, clean gar- 
ment, a taste of wine, brandy, or extract of ginger, would 
ever after give with a sparing hand, or indulge his own 
appetite for luxuries, while soldiers are lying wounded in 
hospitals, and camps. In the 2nd Corps camp alone, wo 
found nearly or quite three thousand wounded men, 
about one third of them of the enemy, who left behind 
thousands upon thousands of the worst wounded, but 
left no surgeons, and none of their more slightly injured, 
who could have aided the others. Our surgeons were 
hard at work, and had attended to most of their own 
men, but many of the enemy were still lying on the 
ground in the rain, their wounds untouched, five days 
after the batlle. Their own destruction of roads and 
bridges rendered it utterly impossible to get in supplies 
or nurses for them at once. I am glad to say, that yes- 
terday afternoon, and this morning, hundreds of men, and 
tuns of supplies have arrived from the Christian Com- 
mission, the Sanitary Commission, the Firemen, and Ad- 
ams' Express Commission of Baltimore, and many other 
city and town associations, so that at this hour, every 
man, friend or enemy, is being cared for. But oh! the 
sad spectacle I witnessed yesterday morning as I went 
round among three thousand wounded men, giving a cup 
of water here, a stimulating draught theie, a piece of soft 
bread to this one, some tanna to that one ; now shifting 
the position of one who had gi own still from lying days 
and nights In the samo place, and now helping to move 
another from a pool of water gathering around him. The 
broken and shattered limbs, the lorn bodies, the busy sur- 
geons in that grove ! The scene will never fade from 
my memory. I have often read of these tilings but no 
pen can give even a faint idea of the reality. I spent my 
time mainly with the fallen enemy, for these were most 
